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Merced County, California

Coordinates:37°11′N120°43′W / 37.19°N 120.71°W /37.19; -120.71
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromMerced County)
County in California, United States

County in California, United States
Merced County, California
County of Merced
Images, from top down, left to right: The historicMerced Theatre,San Luis Reservoir,UC Merced, The B-29A Super Fortress exhibit at theCastle Air Museum inAtwater
Official seal of Merced County, California
Seal
Map
Interactive map of Merced County
Location in the state of California
Location in the state ofCalifornia
Coordinates:37°11′N120°43′W / 37.19°N 120.71°W /37.19; -120.71
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
RegionSan Joaquin Valley
IncorporatedApril 19, 1855[1]
Named afterMerced River, originallyEl Río de Nuestra Señora de la Merced ("River of Our Lady of Mercy" in Spanish).
County seatMerced
Largest cityMerced
Government
 • TypeCouncil–CEO
 • BodyBoard of Supervisors
 • ChairJosh Pedrozo
 • Vice ChairDaron McDaniel
 • Board of Supervisors[2]
Supervisors
  • Jim Pacheco
  • Josh Pedrozo
  • Daron McDaniel
  • Lloyd Pareira, Jr
  • Scott Silveira
 • Chief executive officerRaul Lomeli Mendez
Area
 • Total
1,979 sq mi (5,130 km2)
 • Land1,935 sq mi (5,010 km2)
 • Water44 sq mi (110 km2)
Highest elevation3,801 ft (1,159 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
281,202
 • Density140/sq mi (55/km2)
GDP
 • Total$11.560 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific Time Zone)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (Pacific Daylight Time)
ZIP code
93620, 93635, 93661, 93665, 95301, 95303, 95312, 95315, 95317, 95322, 95324, 95333, 95334, 95388, 95340, 95341, 95343, 95344, 95348, 95365, 95369, 95374[5]
Area code209
FIPS code06-047
GNIS feature ID277288
Congressional district13th
Websitewww.co.merced.ca.us

Merced County (/mərˈsɛd/ mər-SED) is acounty located in the northernSan Joaquin Valley section of theCentral Valley, in theU.S. state ofCalifornia.

As of the2020 census, the population was 281,202.[6] The county seat isMerced.[7] The county is named after theMerced River.

Merced County comprises the Merced, CaliforniaMetropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in theModesto-Merced, CaliforniaCombined Statistical Area. It is located north ofFresno County andFresno, and southeast ofSanta Clara County andSan Jose.

History

[edit]

The county derives its name from theMerced River, orEl Río de Nuestra Señora de la Merced (River of Our Lady of Mercy), named in 1806 by an expedition headed byGabriel Moraga, which came upon it at the end of a hot dusty ride on theEl Camino Viejo across the San Joaquin Valley in Spanish colonialLas Californias Province.

Between 1841 and 1844, during the period whenAlta California was a territory of independent Mexico, fourMexican land grants were made in what became Merced County:Rancho Orestimba y Las Garzas,Rancho Panoche de San Juan y Los Carrisolitos,Rancho San Luis Gonzaga, andRancho Sanjon de Santa Rita

Merced County was formed in 1855 from parts ofMariposa County. Parts of its territory were given toFresno County in 1856.

Geography

[edit]

According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,979 square miles (5,130 km2), of which 1,935 square miles (5,010 km2) is land and 44 square miles (110 km2) (2.2%) is water.[8]

National protected areas

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18601,141
18702,807146.0%
18805,656101.5%
18908,08542.9%
19009,21514.0%
191015,14864.4%
192024,57962.3%
193036,74849.5%
194046,98827.9%
195069,78048.5%
196090,44629.6%
1970104,62915.7%
1980134,56028.6%
1990178,40332.6%
2000210,55418.0%
2010255,79321.5%
2020281,2029.9%
2023 (est.)291,920[9]3.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
1790–1960[11] 1900–1990[12]
1990–2000[13] 2010[14] 2020[15]

2020 census

[edit]
Merced County, California – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity(NH = Non-Hispanic)Pop 2000[16]Pop 2010[14]Pop 2020[15]% 2000% 2010% 2020
White alone (NH)85,58581,59968,72940.65%31.90%24.44%
Black or African American alone (NH)7,5948,7858,1913.61%3.43%2.91%
Native American orAlaska Native alone (NH)1,1151,1261,1640.53%0.44%0.41%
Asian alone (NH)14,04118,18319,8246.67%7.11%7.05%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)2814766170.13%0.19%0.22%
Other Race alone (NH)4104391,2420.19%0.17%0.44%
Mixed Race or Multiracial (NH)6,0624,7007,5782.88%1.84%2.69%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)95,466140,485173,85745.34%54.92%61.83%
Total210,554255,793281,202100.00%100.00%100.00%

2011

[edit]
Population, race, and income
Total population[17]253,606
  White[17]170,22967.1%
  Black or African American[17]9,8373.9%
  American Indian or Alaska Native[17]2,6171.0%
  Asian[17]18,9047.5%
  Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander[17]5170.2%
  Some other race[17]43,89317.3%
  Two or more races[17]7,6093.0%
 Hispanic or Latino (of any race)[18]137,97454.4%
Per capita income[19]$18,304
Median household income[20]$43,945
Median family income[21]$48,429

Places by population, race, and income

[edit]
Places by population and race
PlaceType[22]Population[17]White[17]Other[17]
[note 1]
Asian[17]Black or African
American[17]
Native American[17]
[note 2]
Hispanic or Latino
(of any race)[18]
AtwaterCity27,92266.0%21.6%7.0%4.3%1.1%49.2%
BallicoCDP38472.1%24.7%1.6%0.0%1.6%49.2%
Bear CreekCDP18844.7%55.3%0.0%0.0%0.0%89.4%
CresseyCDP61457.0%42.3%0.7%0.0%0.0%63.7%
DelhiCDP9,89259.0%28.9%7.1%2.2%2.8%67.8%
Dos PalosCity4,94079.6%18.1%0.0%2.0%0.3%66.5%
Dos Palos YCDP20777.3%22.7%0.0%0.0%0.0%65.2%
El NidoCDP29744.1%55.9%0.0%0.0%0.0%72.4%
FranklinCDP5,76671.4%14.8%6.6%2.5%4.7%56.4%
GustineCity5,48485.8%13.2%0.3%0.0%0.6%56.1%
Hilmar-IrwinCDP5,22495.1%3.6%1.0%0.2%0.0%9.2%
Le GrandCDP1,89351.8%47.4%0.0%0.0%0.8%88.4%
LivingstonCity12,89948.0%32.8%17.5%0.9%0.9%71.5%
Los BanosCity35,25281.0%11.3%3.3%3.9%0.5%67.4%
McSwainCDP4,04182.8%8.8%6.7%0.3%1.4%20.6%
MercedCity78,11156.1%24.1%11.4%6.8%1.7%49.6%
PlanadaCDP4,36652.3%44.2%1.2%1.6%0.8%96.2%
Santa NellaCDP1,29284.1%12.0%0.0%3.9%0.0%70.4%
SnellingCDP97100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%3.1%
South Dos PalosCDP2,14488.9%10.0%0.0%1.1%0.0%94.1%
StevinsonCDP13253.8%46.2%0.0%0.0%0.0%46.2%
TuttleCDP21100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
University of California, MercedCDP00.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
VoltaCDP126100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%55.6%
WintonCDP11,74261.2%28.4%8.2%1.6%0.7%74.5%

2010 census

[edit]

The2010 United States census reported that Merced County had a population of 255,793. The racial makeup of Merced County was 148,381 (58.0%)White, 9,926 (3.9%)African American, 3,473 (1.4%)Native American, 18,836 (7.4%)Asian, 583 (0.2%)Pacific Islander, 62,665 (24.5%) fromother races, and 11,929 (4.7%) from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 140,485 persons (54.9%).[23]

Population reported at2010 United States census
The CountyTotal
Population
WhiteAfrican
American
Native
American
AsianPacific
Islander
other
races
two or
more races
Hispanic
orLatino
(of any race)
Merced County255,793148,3819,9263,47318,83658362,66511,929140,485
Incorporated
city
Total
Population
WhiteAfrican
American
Native
American
AsianPacific
Islander
other
races
two or
more races
Hispanic
orLatino
(of any race)
Atwater28,16818,4101,2253641,416765,3001,37714,808
Dos Palos4,9503,377167623741,0752283,075
Gustine5,5203,87573549581,1912242,769
Livingston13,0585,2631063482,223184,5475539,547
Los Banos35,97220,8461,3545121,16213410,1231,84123,346
Merced78,95841,1774,9581,1539,34217417,8044,35039,140
Census-designated
place
Total
Population
WhiteAfrican
American
Native
American
AsianPacific
Islander
other
races
two or
more races
Hispanic
orLatino
(of any race)
Ballico4062372311212823210
Bear Creek290156421409321170
Cressey394253131519526195
Delhi10,7555,655118157405303,9304607,706
Dos Palos Y3232251810826197
El Nido33016207901475245
Franklin6,1493,45527377931121,0723293,250
Hilmar-Irwin5,1974,4751523871439157916
Le Grand1,6598691935171659591,357
McSwain4,1713,196563428294221721,081
Planada4,5841,68122234612,725864,347
Santa Nella1,380832222531043337968
Snelling231206036013333
South Dos Palos1,620809135213610552571,262
Stevinson3132284000738133
Tuttle1037760609531
University of California, Merced000000000
Volta2462017014294132
Winton10,6135,69617514070183,4554387,566
Other
unincorporated areas
Total
Population
WhiteAfrican
American
Native
American
AsianPacific
Islander
other
races
two or
more races
Hispanic
orLatino
(of any race)
All others not CDPs (combined)40,40327,0201,1834191,962908,2691,46018,001

2000

[edit]

As of thecensus[24] of 2000, there were 210,554 people, 63,815 households, and 49,775 families residing in the county. Thepopulation density was 109 people per square mile (42 people/km2). There were 68,373 housing units at an average density of 36 units per square mile (14 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 56.2%White, 3.8%Black orAfrican American, 1.2%Native American, 6.8%Asian, 0.2%Pacific Islander, 26.1% fromother races, and 5.7% from two or more races. 45.3% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race. 6.6% were ofPortuguese and 6.0%German ancestry according toCensus 2000. 55.1% spokeEnglish, 35.3%Spanish, 3.2%Hmong, 2.9%Portuguese and 1.0%Punjabi as their first language.

There were 63,815 households, out of which 45.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% weremarried couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.25 and the average family size was 3.69.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 34.5% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,532, and the median income for a family was $38,009. Males had a median income of $31,721 versus $23,911 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $14,257. About 16.9% of families and 21.7% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2008, according to the Lao Family Community, a nonprofit organization, about 8,000Hmong lived in Merced County.[25]

Government and policing

[edit]

County government

[edit]

Merced County is a California Constitution defined general law county and is governed by an elected Board of Supervisors. The Board consists of five members, elected by districts, who serve four-year staggered terms.[26]

Merced County Sheriff's Office

[edit]
The seal of the Merced County Sheriff's Office.

The Merced County Sheriff's Office provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner service for the entire county. It provides patrol, detective, and other police services for the unincorporated parts of the county. The main sheriff station and offices are at Merced. There are two sheriff's substations. A Grand Jury report in 2010 stated that the Sheriff processed 12,746 average jail bookings per year with an average daily jail population of 1,123.[27]

Municipal police departments

[edit]

Municipal police departments in the county are: Merced, population 83,000; Los Banos, population 38,000; Atwater, population 30,000; Livingston, population 13,000; Gustine, population 6,000; Dos Palos, population 5,500.

State and federal representation

[edit]

In theUnited States House of Representatives, Merced County is inCalifornia's 13th congressional district, represented byDemocrat Adam Gray.[28]

In theCalifornia State Legislature, Merced County is inthe 27th Assembly District, represented byDemocrat Esmeralda Soria, andthe 14th Senate District, represented byDemocrat Anna Caballero.[29]

Politics

[edit]

Voter registration statistics

[edit]
Population and registered voters
Total population[17]253,606
  Registered voters[30][note 3]98,87439.0%
    Democratic[30]43,98144.5%
    Republican[30]32,76733.1%
    Democratic–Republican spread[30]+11,214+11.4%
    Independent[30]3,0163.1%
    Green[30]5680.6%
    Libertarian[30]4830.5%
    Peace and Freedom[30]3180.3%
    Americans Elect[30]20.0%
    Other[30]1800.2%
    No party preference[30]17,55917.8%

Cities by population and voter registration

[edit]
Cities by population and voter registration
CityPopulation[17]Registered voters[30]
[note 3]
Democratic[30]Republican[30]D–R spread[30]Other[30]No party preference[30]
Atwater27,92241.0%39.4%37.4%+2.0%8.2%18.3%
Dos Palos4,94038.0%44.4%35.0%+9.4%9.9%14.9%
Gustine5,48438.3%48.2%30.3%+17.9%7.7%17.0%
Livingston12,89934.6%62.2%15.9%+46.3%4.9%18.9%
Los Banos35,25237.6%50.1%27.6%+22.5%7.8%17.7%
Merced78,11141.0%46.4%30.2%+16.2%8.2%18.3%

Overview

[edit]

Merced County has been somewhat of a bellwether county for presidential elections. Since1916, it has voted for the winner in each election except in1956 when it voted forAdlai Stevenson II instead ofDwight D. Eisenhower,1968 when it voted forHubert Humphrey instead ofRichard Nixon, and2016 when it voted forHillary Clinton instead ofDonald Trump. In2024,Donald Trump won the county in a slim victory, continuing the county's bellwether county status.[31]

Trump's win in Merced county made it one of ten counties to flip fromBiden toTrump, as well as making Merced one of six counties to vote for the Republican presidential candidate for the first time in 20 years sinceGeorge W. Bush in2004. DemocratBarack Obama won a majority in the county in both2008 and 2012. Before that, RepublicanGeorge W. Bush won a majority in the county in both2000 and2004.

United States presidential election results for Merced County, California[32][note 4]
YearRepublicanDemocraticThird party(ies)
No. %No. %No. %
202443,95550.70%40,19046.35%2,5582.95%
202039,39743.30%48,99153.84%2,6052.86%
201628,72540.58%37,31752.72%4,7476.71%
201227,58144.33%33,00553.04%1,6362.63%
200828,70444.81%34,03153.13%1,3162.05%
200432,77356.54%24,49142.26%6961.20%
200026,10251.77%22,72645.08%1,5903.15%
199620,84744.41%21,78646.41%4,3059.17%
199217,98136.48%20,13340.85%11,17022.66%
198821,71751.20%20,10547.40%5921.40%
198424,99758.85%17,01240.05%4681.10%
198018,04348.77%15,88642.94%3,0678.29%
197614,84246.08%16,63751.65%7292.26%
197217,73754.33%13,91442.62%9973.05%
196811,59540.90%14,45350.98%2,3018.12%
19648,81431.18%19,43168.74%240.08%
196011,99043.37%15,54556.23%1110.40%
195611,43045.99%13,36653.78%560.23%
195213,51253.26%11,63945.88%2190.86%
19487,72142.60%9,95954.95%4442.45%
19446,51841.31%9,19258.25%690.44%
19406,10136.35%10,50162.57%1821.08%
19363,23025.50%9,20872.69%2301.82%
19322,92027.20%7,20267.10%6125.70%
19284,64460.17%2,97038.48%1041.35%
19243,57352.94%71010.52%2,46636.54%
19203,45762.99%1,53728.01%4949.00%
19162,13240.72%2,63750.36%4678.92%
1912100.24%1,97846.78%2,24052.98%
19081,10744.58%1,10044.30%27611.12%
190497249.07%86343.56%1467.37%
190081141.59%1,08155.44%582.97%
189665336.24%1,11761.99%321.78%
189278239.66%99550.46%1959.89%
188877343.04%97254.12%512.84%
188480945.47%95353.57%170.96%
188051641.08%73658.60%40.32%

According to the California Secretary of State, as of October 20, 2008, there were 97,179 registered voters in Merced County.[citation needed] Of those, 44,704 (46.0%) are registered Democratic, 35,955 (37.0%) are registered Republican, 3,090 (3.2%) are registered with other political parties, and 13,430 (13.8%) declined to state a political party.Atwater and the county's unincorporated areas have Republican plurality registration advantages. All of the other cities and towns in the county have Democratic pluralities or majorities in voter registration. Merced County has seen a rightward tilt in recent years, voting "Yes" in the2021 gubernatorial recall election despite voting for GovernorGavin Newsom by a margin of 4% in2018. The county then voted for Republican nomineeBrian Dahle in2022 over Newsom, as well as for all Republican nominees for statewide office.

Crime

[edit]

The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

Population and crime rates
Population[17]253,606
Violent crime[33]1,6586.54
  Homicide[33]260.10
  Forcible rape[33]780.31
  Robbery[33]2761.09
  Aggravated assault[33]1,2785.04
Property crime[33]4,39017.31
  Burglary[33]2,3189.14
  Larceny-theft[33][34]5,08920.07
  Motor vehicle theft[33]9033.56
Arson[33]900.35

Cities by population and crime rates

[edit]
Cities by population and crime rates
CityPopulation[35]Violent crimes[35]Violent crime rate
per 1,000 persons
Property crimes[35]Property crime rate
per 1,000 persons
Atwater28,8911806.231,40048.46
Dos Palos5,0795911.6216231.90
Gustine5,663244.2412021.19
Livingston13,394745.5230622.85
Los Banos36,8971423.851,21032.79
Merced80,97681010.004,11150.77

Economy

[edit]

According to America's Labor Market Information System 2014 report,[36] the companies with the largest employment in Merced are, in alphabetical order:

Merced County grows 90% of California'ssweet potato crop,[37] due in part to the efforts of John Buttencourt Avila, called "the father of the sweet potato industry".

Transportation

[edit]

Major highways

[edit]

Public transportation

[edit]

Airports

[edit]

Merced Regional Airport, located two miles (3.2 km) southwest of downtown Merced, provides passenger air service. General aviation airports in the county includeCastle Airport,Gustine Airport, andLos Banos Municipal Airport.

Communities

[edit]

Cities

[edit]

Census-designated places

[edit]

Population ranking

[edit]

The population ranking of the following table is based on the2010 census of Merced County.[38]

county seat

RankCity/Town/etc.Municipal typePopulation (2010 Census)Population (2018 CA Department of Finance)
1MercedCity78,95886,750
2Los BanosCity35,97240,986
3AtwaterCity28,16831,235
4LivingstonCity13,05814,328
5DelhiCDP10,755
6WintonCDP10,613
7Franklin-BeachwoodCDP6,149
8GustineCity5,5205,874
9Hilmar-IrwinCDP5,197
10Dos PalosCity4,9505,679
11PlanadaCDP4,584
12McSwainCDP4,171
13Le GrandCDP1,659
14South Dos PalosCDP1,620
15Santa NellaCDP1,380
16BallicoCDP406
17CresseyCDP394
18El NidoCDP330
19Dos Palos YCDP323
20StevinsonCDP313
21Bear CreekCDP290
22VoltaCDP246
23SnellingCDP231
24TuttleCDP103

Education

[edit]

School districts include:[39]

K-12:

Secondary:

Elementary:

University of California Merced is in the county.

Places of interest

[edit]

The formerCastle Air Force Base and theUnited States Penitentiary, Atwater are located in anunincorporated area nearAtwater.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Other = Some other race + Two or more races
  2. ^Native American = Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander + American Indian or Alaska Native
  3. ^abPercentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow.
  4. ^This total comprised 1,571 votes forProgressiveTheodore Roosevelt (who was official Republican nominee in California), 441 votes forSocialistEugene V. Debs and 228 votes forProhibition Party nomineeEugene W. Chafin.

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Merced County".Geographic Names Information System.United States Geological Survey,United States Department of the Interior. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2015.
  2. ^"Board Members | Merced County, CA - Official Website".
  3. ^"Laveaga Peak". Peakbagger.com. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2015.
  4. ^"Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Merced County, CA".Federal Reserve Economic Data.Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  5. ^"Merced County, CA Zip Codes". Zip-Codes.com. RetrievedMay 29, 2016.
  6. ^"Merced County, California".United States Census Bureau. RetrievedJanuary 30, 2022.
  7. ^"Find a County". National Association of Counties. RetrievedJune 7, 2011.
  8. ^"2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2015.
  9. ^"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. RetrievedMarch 26, 2024.
  10. ^"Census of Population and Housing from 1790-2000".US Census Bureau. RetrievedJanuary 24, 2022.
  11. ^"Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2015.
  12. ^Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995)."Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2015.
  13. ^"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000"(PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2015.
  14. ^ab"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Merced County, California".United States Census Bureau.
  15. ^ab"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Merced County, California".United States Census Bureau.
  16. ^"P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Merced County, California".United States Census Bureau.
  17. ^abcdefghijklmnopqU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B02001.U.S. Census website. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  18. ^abU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B03003.U.S. Census website. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
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  23. ^"2010 Census P.L. 94-171 Summary File Data".United States Census Bureau.
  24. ^"U.S. Census website".United States Census Bureau. RetrievedMay 14, 2011.
  25. ^Oppenheim, Jamie. "Hmong youth not preserving traditions, professor saysArchived June 8, 2010, at theWayback Machine." Monday March 29, 2010. Retrieved on September 20, 2010.
  26. ^"Board of Supervisors". Merced County, CA. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2015.
  27. ^Grand Jury report 2010 website
  28. ^"California's 13th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. RetrievedApril 18, 2023.
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Further reading

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  • A Memorial and Biographical History of the Counties of Merced, Stanislaus, Calaveras, Tuolumne and Mariposa, California. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1892.

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