Amemorial service (Greek: μνημόσυνον,mnemósynon, "memorial";[1]Slavonic: панихида,panikhída, from Greek παννυχίς,pannychis, "vigil" (etymologically "all-nighter");[2][3]Romanian:parastas andSerbian парастос,parastos, from Greek παράστασις,parástasis)[4] is aliturgical solemn service for the repose of thedeparted in theEastern Orthodox andByzantineCatholic churches.
In theEastern Church, the variousprayers for the departed have as their purpose praying for the repose of the departed, comforting the living, and reminding the living of their own mortality and the brevity of this earthly life. For this reason,memorial services have an air ofpenitence about them.[5] They tend to be served more frequently during the four fasting seasons.[note 1]
If the service is for an individual, it is often held at the deceased's graveside. If it is a general commemoration of all the departed, or if the individual's grave is not close by, the service is held in a church, in front of a special small, free-standing "memorial table", to which is attached an uprightcrucifix and with acandelabra for the faithful to put lighted candles.
The deacon (or, if there is no deacon, the priest) swings thecenser throughout almost the entire service, while all stand holding lighted candles. Near the end of the service, during the finaltroparia, all either extinguish their candles, or place them in a candle holder by the memorial table. Each candle symbolizes the individual soul, which, as it were, each person holds in his own hand. The extinguishing (or giving up) of the candle, at the end of the service, symbolizes the fact that each person will have to surrender his soul, at the end of his life.
The service is composed ofPsalms,ektenias (litanies), hymns and prayers. In its outline it follows the general order ofMatins[note 2] and is, in effect, a truncatedfuneral service. Some of the most notable portions of the service are theKontakion of the Departed[note 3] and the final singing of "Memory Eternal" (Slavonic:Vyechnaya Pamyat).
The memorial service is most frequently served at the end of theDivine Liturgy; however, it may also be served afterVespers,Matins, or as a separate service by itself. If the service is held separately, there are readings from the Pauline epistles and the Gospels, which are assigned by the day of the week; no readings, however, are assigned to Sunday because Sunday should emphasize the resurrection of Christ rather than the departed.
For the memorial service,koliva (a ritual food of boiledwheat) is often prepared and is placed in front of the memorial table or an icon of Christ. Afterwards, it is blessed by the priest, who sprinkles it withholy water.[note 4] The koliva is then taken to therefectory and is served to all those who attended the service.
After anOrthodox Christian dies there are special "Prayers for the Departure of the Soul" that are said by the priest. Then the family or friends of the departed will wash and dress the body and it is placed in thecasket after which a special expanded memorial service called theFirst Panikhida is celebrated, following which the reading of thePsalter[note 5] commences and continues uninterrupted until the funeral.
Traditionally, in addition to the service on the day of death, the memorial service is performed at the request of the relatives of an individual departed person on the following occasions:
It is also served on the numerousSoul Saturdays throughout the year.[note 7] On these days, not only is the memorial service served, but there are also specialpropers atVespers,Matins, and theDivine Liturgy. These days of general memorials are:
The celebration of memorial services is forbidden fromHoly Thursday throughBright Week and on all Sundays throughout the year.
A very abbreviated form of the memorial service is called thelity (orliti orlitya), from the Greek λιτὴ τελετή,litē teletē, i.e. a plain ceremony, or λιτὸν μνημόσυνον,liton mnēmosynon, i.e. a plain mnemosynon; it consists only of the concluding portion of the regular memorial service. This is often celebrated in thenarthex of the church on ordinary weekdays (i.e., when there is no higher-rankingfeast day), especially duringGreat Lent.
The 2016 Romanian filmSieranevada features aparastas in a Bucharest apartment and does so with documentary precision.[7]While the priest arrives, the family argues about several issues.The priest and his aides finally arrive, they sing and bless the home and the food that will be distributed as alms.AWallachian ritual involving a suit is also a plot element.
