Melbourne CBD | |||||||||||||
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 Aerial view of Melbourne CBD from the East, Aug 2021 | |||||||||||||
  Melbourne CBD | |||||||||||||
 Interactive map of Melbourne CBD | |||||||||||||
| Coordinates:37°48′50″S144°57′47″E / 37.814°S 144.963°E /-37.814; 144.963 | |||||||||||||
| Country | Australia | ||||||||||||
| State | Victoria | ||||||||||||
| City | Melbourne | ||||||||||||
| LGAs | |||||||||||||
| Established | 1835 | ||||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||||
| • State electorates | |||||||||||||
| • Federal divisions | |||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
• Total | 6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Elevation | 30 m (98 ft) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
| • Total | 54,941 (2021 census)[2] | ||||||||||||
| • Density | 8,450/km2 (21,890/sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Postcodes | 3000, 3001, 3004[3] 8001(PO Box) | ||||||||||||
| County | Bourke | ||||||||||||
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TheMelbourne central business district (colloquially known as "the City" or "the CBD",[5] and gazetted simply asMelbourne[6]) is thecity centre ofMelbourne,Victoria, Australia. As of the2021 census, the CBD had a population of 54,941, and is located primarily within thelocal government areaCity of Melbourne, with some parts located in theCity of Port Phillip.
The central business district is centred on theHoddle Grid, the oldest part of the city laid out in 1837. It also includes parts of theparallel andperpendicular streets to the north, bounded byVictoria Street and Peel Street; and extends south-east along much of the area immediately surroundingSt Kilda Road.[7]
The CBD is the core ofGreater Melbourne'smetropolitan area, and is a majorfinancial centre in Australia and theAsia-Pacific region. It is home to several major attractions in Melbourne, including many of the city'sfamed lanes and arcades, the distinct blend ofcontemporary andVictorian architecture, theQueen Victoria Market, theMelbourne Botanical Gardens, theNational Gallery of Victoria, theState Library,Parliament House, andFederation Square.[8] It containsFlinders Street railway station, the centre of Melbourne'smetropolitan railway network, and the world's busiesttram corridor alongSwanston Street.
In recent times, it has been placed alongsideNew York City andBerlin as one of the world's greatstreet art meccas, and designated a "City of Literature" byUNESCO in its Creative Cities Network.[9]
In April 1835,John Batman, a prominentgrazier and a member of the Geelong and Dutigalla Association (laterPort Phillip Association),[10][11] sailed fromLaunceston on the island ofVan Diemen's Land (now the State ofTasmania), aboard theschoonerRebecca, in search of freshgrazing land in the south-east of the Colony ofNew South Wales (the mainlandAustralian continent). He sailed acrossBass Strait, into the bay ofPort Phillip, and arrived at the mouth of theYarra River in May.[12] After exploring the surrounding area, he met with the elders of the indigenous Aboriginal group, theWurundjeri of theKulin nation alliance, and negotiated a transaction for 600,000 acres (940 sq mi; 2,400 km2) which later became known asBatman's Treaty.[13] The transaction, which is believed to have taken place on the bank ofMerri Creek (near the modern day suburb ofNorthcote),[14] consisted of an offering of:blankets,knives,mirrors,sugar, and other such items; to be alsotributed annually to the Wurundjeri.[13] The last sentence of Batman'sjournal entry on this day became famous as the foundingcharter of the settlement.[10]
So the boat went up the large river. And, I am glad to state about six miles up found the river all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village.
— Journal of John Batman (8 June 1835).[12]
Upon returning to Van Diemen's Land, Batman'streaty was deemed invalid by theGovernor of New South Wales, SirRichard Bourke, under theProclamation of Governor Bourke in August 1835.[15] It was the belief of Governor Bourke, as well as theGovernor of Van Diemen's Land, SirGeorge Arthur, that the Aboriginal people did not have any official claims to the lands of the Australian continent. Theproclamation formally declared, under the doctrine ofterra nullius, thatThe Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could sell and distribute land.[15] It therefore voided any contracts or treaties made without the consent of the government, and declared any person attempting to rely on such a treaty to betrespassing.[15] However, at the time the proclamation was being drawn up, a prominentbusinessman from Van Diemen's Land,John Pascoe Fawkner, had also funded anexpedition to the area; which sailed fromGeorge Town aboard the schoonerEnterprize.[16] At the same time, the Port Phillip Association had also funded a second expedition; which sailed from Launceston aboard theRebecca.[10]
The settlement party aboard theEnterprize entered the Yarra River, and anchored close to the site chosen by Batman, on 29 August.[17] The party went ashore the following day (near what is todayWilliam Street; and is now celebrated asMelbourne Day) and landed their stores, livestock and began to construct the settlement.[16] The Association party aboard theRebecca arrived in September after spending time at a temporary camp atIndented Head, where they encounteredWilliam Buckley – an escaped convict, believed dead, who had been living for 32 years with the indigenous Aboriginal group, theWathaurong of the Kulin nation alliance.[18] Batman was dismayed to discover the settlers of theEnterprize had established a settlement in the area and informed the settlers that they were trespassing on the Association's land. However, according to theProclamation of Governor Bourke, both the parties were in fact trespassing onCrown land.[15] When Fawkner (who was noted for hisdemocratic nature)[16] arrived in October, and following tense arguments between the two parties, negotiation were made for land to be shared equally.
As Fawkner had arrived after the two parties, he was aware of theProclamation of Governor Bourke, which had gained approval from theColonial Office in October.[15] He knew that cooperation would be vital if the settlement was to continue to existfait accompli. Land was then divided, and the settlement existed peacefully, but without a formal system of governance.[17] It was referred to by a number of names, including: "Batmania" and "Bearbrass"[12][19] of which the latter was agreed upon by Batman and Fawkner.[19] Fawkner assumed a leading role in the establishment of Bearbrass;[16] which, by early 1836, consisted of 177European settlers (142 male and 35 female settlers).[17] TheSecretary of State for the Colonies,Charles Grant, recognised the settlement'sfait accompli that same year, and authorised Governor Bourke to transfer Bearbrass to a Crown settlement.[17] Batman and the Port Phillip Association were compensated£7,000 for the land.[10] And, in March 1837, it was officially renamed "Melbourne" by Governor Bourke in honour of theBritish Prime Minister of the day,William Lamb (the Lord Melbourne).[17]
The Melbourne CBD does not have current official boundaries, but rather is commonly understood to be the Hoddle Grid plus the parallel streets immediately to the north, including theQueen Victoria Market, and the area betweenFlinders Street and the river. There are a number of officially demarcated areas which are similar, but all differ slightly. Some that are larger still use the term 'Melbourne', which leads to some confusion.
The boundaries of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Statistical Area Level 2 'Melbourne' is a good representation of the commonly understood area of 'the CBD'; it includes the Hoddle Grid, plus the area of parallel streets just to the north up to Victoria Street including the Queen Victoria Market, but not the Flagstaff Gardens or the streets to the west of it, and the area between Flinders Street and the Yarra river west ofSwanston Street. A map can be foundhere. This is not to be confused with the State Suburb level area, also called Melbourne, which is a larger area.
The area of the postcode 3000 is very similar, but also includes the area to the east ofFlinders Street Station, and a leg up northernElizabeth Street. A map of this can be foundhere andhere.
The locality (suburb) of Melbourne is an official area,[20] but is larger; it is the area of postcode 3000 combined with the area of postcode 3004 (an area to the south of the central city, including the Domain and Botanic Gardens parklands, and the east side ofSt Kilda Road) and both of these postcodes are known as Melbourne.
The term 'central business district', or 'CBD', was first used in theReport on a planning scheme for the central business area of the City of Melbourne by town planner E.F. Borrie, which was commissioned by the City of Melbourne, and published in 1964. The maps used in the report show the CBD as just the Hoddle Grid, plus the parallel streets immediately to the north, and the area between Flinders Street and the river, very similar to the ABS area.
Since 1999, theMelbourne Planning Scheme has included a 'Capital City Zone' which is a much larger area, including the former CBD, minus the RMIT area, but including Southern Cross Station, much ofSouthbank down a line along theWest Gate Freeway, Kingsway, down to Coventry Street,South Melbourne, and the north wharf area and theSouth Wharf area. A map of the CCZ can be foundhere. The area described as 'the central city' in Clause 21.08 of theMelbourne Planning Scheme is similar, but also includes theDocklands.[21]
There are several adjoining areas that have important functions that are sometimes included within the idea of 'the CBD' or the central city, such asParliament House and the Treasury buildings on Spring Street, which are officially inEast Melbourne, andSouthern Cross railway station onSpencer Street, which is officially in Docklands. Other areas have in the last 30 years become heavily developed with apartments, office buildings and important functions similar to the CBD, and are sometimes incorporated, such as theDocklands (withDocklands Stadium) to the west, andSouthbank andSouth Wharf on the other side of the Yarra River.
Despite the area being described as the central business district, it is neither the geographic or demographic centre of Melbourne; due tourban sprawl to the south east the geographic centre is in the southeastern suburbs (in 2002 it was located at Bourne Street,Glen Iris[22]).
The Hoddle Grid is the rectangular grid of the streets in the centre of the city laid out in 1837 by government surveyorRobert Hoddle. All major streets are one and halfchains (99 ft or 30 m) in width, while all blocks are exactly ten chains square (ten acres (4.0 ha), 660 ft × 660 ft or 200 m × 200 m). It is one-mile (1.6 km) long by one-half-mile (0.80 km) wide. It is bounded byFlinders Street,Spencer Street,La Trobe Street andSpring Street. The grid's longest axis is oriented 70 degrees clockwise from true north, to align better with the course of theYarra River. Most of the arterial streets outside the Hoddle Grid were aligned almost north–south, Melbourne, at 8 degrees clockwise from true north–noting that magnetic north was 8° 3' E in 1900, increasing to 11° 42' E in 2009.[23]
Hoddle's survey did not include anypublic squares orpiazzas, reputedly to avoid any facilitation of protests or public loitering,[24] though colonial government practice did not generally include public squares other than land set aside for government buildings or markets.[25]
The whole town was at first accommodated within the Hoddle Grid, but the huge surge in immigration brought about by the Gold Rush in the 1850s quickly outgrew the grid spreading into the first suburbs in Fitzroy and South Melbourne (Emerald Hill), and beyond.
The Hoddle Grid and its fringes remained the centre and most active part of the city into the mid 20th century, with retail in the centre, banking and prime office space onCollins Street, medical professionals on the Collins Street hill, legal professions around William Street, and warehousing along Flinders Lane and in the western end. Government buildings like GPO, State Library, Supreme Court, and Customs House occupied various blocks with Parliament House and the railway stations on the edges.
Residential uses, most notably the slums ofLittle Lonsdale Street, were largely replaced by commercial uses by the 1950s, with residential not making a return until the 1990s with the conversion of older buildings. Since the 2000s this has accelerated with numerous high rise apartment buildings and student housing projects.
With the loss of residents, restricted retail and pub hours, the central city became dominated by 9-5 business uses, with one commentator remarking that in the 1970s, the city was "as deserted as war-torn Berlin".[26]
According to the2016 census, the population of the CBD (the Level 2 statistical area of Melbourne) was37,321 residents, about half of which were overseas students. Only 14.3% of residents were born in Australia, while 24.9% were born in China. Other places of birth included Malaysia 8.3%, India 6.2%, Indonesia 4.5% and South Korea 4.0%. Only English was spoken at home by 21.7% of residents, while 30.8% spoke Mandarin. Most of these overseas born are students, with 57.3% of residents attending a tertiary educational institution, and 54.3% of residents aged between 20 and 29.[31]
In common with Australian capital cities generally, especially Melbourne and Sydney, there has been remarkable growth in the CBD in the last 10 years to 2017. Residential units, population, jobs and visitation have all increased markedly, changing the central business district from a primarily business or work oriented hub, to a mixed business and residential district.[32] Prior to the 2010s, Australian CBD's were generally places workers would commute to from the suburbs and served little purpose beyond employment and shopping opportunity.
In this period, many sometimes very tall towers of small one and two bedroom apartments andstudio-style student housing (with no carparks) have been built, greatly increasing the resident population of the CBD, including students. Many older buildings have been converted to loft-style apartments, and there are some older apartment buildings with larger more spacious units, with a relatively small amount of luxury housing. There are few families with young children, with only 3.1% of residents under the age of 14, and equally small numbers of over 50, so most residents are students or young professionals.[31]
The CBD is the corecentral activities district (CAD) of Greater Melbourne. It encompasses a number of places of significance, which includeFederation Square,Melbourne Aquarium,Melbourne Town Hall,State Library of Victoria,State Parliament of Victoria andSupreme Court of Victoria. It is also the mainterminus for theMelbourne metropolitan andVictorian regional passenger rail networks–beingFlinders Street andSouthern Cross stations respectively, as well as the most dense section of theMelbourne tram network.
Bordering its north-east perimeter is theWorld Heritage-listedRoyal Exhibition Building andCarlton Gardens as well as theMelbourne Museum. Just to the south are theMelbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre,Crown Casino,Arts Centre Melbourne, and theNational Gallery of Victoria
The central business district is a majorfinancial centre in Australia and theAsia-Pacific region.[33] It is home to the corporate headquarters of the world's two largest mining companies:BHP andRio Tinto; as well as two of Australia's "big four" banks:ANZ and theNational Australia Bank, its two largest gaming companies:Crown andTabcorp, largest telecommunications companyTelstra, two largest transport management companies:Toll andTransurban and the iconic brewing companyFoster's Group.
It also serves as the mainadministrative centre for theCity of Melbourne as well as theState Government of Victoria – the latter with the suburb ofEast Melbourne. Two universities have major campuses in the area: the main city campusRMIT University (city campus), and three campuses forVictoria University (City King, Queen, Flinders campuses). TheVictorian College of the Arts campus of theUniversity of Melbourne lies just to the south.
The CBD, along with the adjacent Southbank area, has had comparatively unrestricted height limits in recent years, and has four of the sixtallest buildings in Australia (or 5 of the top 10, excluding spires). The tallest in the CBD is currentlyAurora Melbourne Central which topped out in December 2018. Melbourne had historically competed with Sydney for the tallest buildings, which until the 2000s were all office towers, and the three tallest buildings in Australia in the 1980s and 1990s were all in the Melbourne CBD.
Almost all the major theatres in Melbourne are located in the CBD or its fringes. Historic theatres including thePrincess Theatre,Regent Theatre,Forum Theatre,Comedy Theatre,Athenaeum Theatre,Her Majesty's Theatre, and theCapitol Theatre are all located within the Hoddle Grid. TheArts Centre Melbourne (which includes theState Theatre,Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio), and theMelbourne Recital Centre are located just to the south of the CBD, with theSidney Myer Music Bowl in parklands to the east.
TheFederation Square arts complex occupies a prime site on the corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets, and includes theAustralian Centre for the Moving Image, the Australian art galleries of theNational Gallery of Victoria, theKoorie Heritage Trust, and the Deakin Edge auditorium.
Melbourne is considered the literary centre of Australia, and has more bookshops and publishing companies per capita than any other city in Australia.[citation needed] The headquarters of the world's largest travel guidebook publisherLonely Planet is located just outside the CBD in Carlton. In 2008, Melbourne was designated a "City of Literature" byUNESCO in itsCreative Cities Network.[9] TheState Library Victoria is the most visited library in the city, and hosts theWheeler Centre. Melbourne has been placed alongside New York and Berlin as one of the world's great street art meccas,[34] and its extensive street art-laden laneways, alleys and arcades were voted byLonely Planet readers as Australia's top cultural attraction.[35]
The CBD is home to many small independent galleries, often in the upper floors of older buildings or down laneways, and some of the most commercial galleries in Victoria are also in 'the city'.
There are no sporting grounds within the CBD, but the 'shrine of sport' in Melbourne is the MCG (Melbourne Cricket Ground) located in the adjacent parkland known as Jolimont. Both theMelbourne Cricket Club andMelbourne Football Club are based there. The Melbourne Cricket Club has a fairly exclusive membership, whilst the Melbourne Football Club, although bearing the name Melbourne, is associated by the supporters of other suburban clubs as representing the central area and perceive its supporters to represent the locality and not the entire city.[36] The Melbourne Football Club has recently made efforts to shed its suburban tag and be embraced by the whole metropolitan area.[37]
The CBD has hosted a number of events of significance, which include: the1901 inauguration of theGovernment of Australia,1956 Summer Olympic Games,1981 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting,1995 World Police and Fire Games,2000 World Economic Forum,2006 Commonwealth Games,2015 Cricket World Cup,G20 Ministerial Meeting – among others. It is also recognised for the substantial number ofcultural and sports events and festivals it holds annually – many being the largest in Australia and the world.
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The Melbourne central business district is the transport hub of the city.
Flinders Street station is the hub forMelbourne's suburban train network and the busiest station,[38]Southern Cross station, which is the hub for regional and interstate transit located onSpencer Street, and the three underground stations of theMelbourne Underground Rail Loop–Parliament,Melbourne Central andFlagstaff stations are located on the east and north fringes. A hybridrapid transit andheavy rail project known as theMetro Tunnel is currently under construction, with two stations in the city centre at the State Library and Town Hall.[39] This will be the first rapid transit system to serve the city of Melbourne and the second of its kind in Australia.
The Melbournetrams network is the world's largest, and most lines from the suburbs run down one of the streets of the CBD, withSwanston Street hosting of six lines, making it one of the world's busiest tram corridors. Trams also run along Flinders, Collins, Bourke,La Trobe, Spencer,Market,Elizabeth, and Spring Streets. In recent years nearly all CBD tram stops have been rebuilt as larger all-accessibility "superstops".[40]
The city is also well connected by bus services, with majority of buses running downLonsdale Street, with major bus stops at Melbourne Central andQueen Victoria Village. Most bus routes service suburbs north and east of the city given the lack of train lines to these areas.
Major bicycle trails lead to the CBD and a main bicycle path down Swanston Street.
Ferries dock along the northbank of the Yarra atFederation Wharf and theturning basin at theAquatic Centre. There is also a water taxi service to Melbourne and Olympic Parks.
City of Melbourne has five sister cities.[41] According to the City of Melbourne council, "the city as a whole has been nourished by their influence, which extends from educational, cultural and sporting exchanges to unparalleled business networking opportunities."[42][43] The recognised cities are:
Osaka, Japan (1978)
Tianjin, China (1980)
Thessaloniki, Greece (1984)
Boston, United States (1985)
Milan, Italy (2004)
