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Melanthius (/məˈlænθiəs/;Ancient Greek:Μελάνθιος), the son ofDolius, is a minor character inHomer'sOdyssey:Odysseus's enslaved goatherd. In contrast, his fellow slaves, the cowherdPhiloetius and swineherdEumaeus, have both remained loyal to Odysseus during his twenty years of wanderings, as have Melanthius's father and six brothers.
Melanthius provides the best goats of the herd for a feast for thesuitors of Penelope.[1] He serves the suitors at the dining table, pouring them wine[2] or lighting a fire in the hall upon their order.[3] He is apparently favored by many of them:Eurymachus is said to like him best of all, and he is allowed to have meals in the same dining hall with the suitors.[4]
Odysseus, disguised as a beggar and accompanied byEumaeus, encounters Melanthius on his way into town, by the fountain dedicated to thenymphs. Melanthius immediately taunts Odysseus and proceeds to kick him on the hip, unaware that he is really dishonoring his master, causing Odysseus to consider attacking him.[5] Later, when Odysseus is brought in front of the suitors, Melanthius asserts that he knows nothing of the stranger and that Eumaeus alone is responsible for bringing him in. His speech results in the suitors' rebuking Eumaeus.[6]
Early in the fight with the suitors, Eumaeus and Philoetius catch Melanthius trying to steal more weapons and armour for the suitors. On Odysseus's orders, they bind him and string him up from the rafters, where he is mocked by Eumaeus.[7] After winning the fight,Telemachus (the son of Odysseus), Eumaeus, and Philoetius hang the twelve slaves, including Melanthius's sisterMelantho.[citation needed] Melanthius is then taken to the inner court, where individuals chop off his nose and ears with a sword, pull off hisgenitals to feed to the dogs, and then, in their fury, chop off his hands and feet.[8]
According to Malcolm Davies ofSt. John's College, Oxford, the text does not specify who mutilates Melanthius.[9] Rick Newton ofKent State University stated that "there is no indication" that Telemachus did not participate in Melanthius's execution, and whether Odysseus asked the three to kill Melanthius is not "explicitly" answered.[10] Newton identified Eumaeus and Philoetius as being among the participants of the mutilation.[10] The text does not explicitly state that Melanthius succumbs to those injuries. Davies stated that he believed that Melanthius survives the injuries.[11] According to Davies, the nature of Melanthius's mutilation shows his low social status, compared to the more noble deaths of the suitors.[12] According to Davies, Melanthius becomes a "living corpse", facing "ridicule", resulting from a "ghastly and humiliating punishment".[13] Newton states that Melanthius dies from his injuries, and that the mutilation is an "execution".[10]A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, edited by William Smith, stated that Odysseus was responsible for Melanthius's death, and that said death was done "cruelly".[14] Mark Buchan, inRamus, stated that Melanthius dies and that the mutilation of the hands and feet as well as that of the penis all show symbolism; Buchan argued that the former body parts are used in combat and the latter part is a "more obvious expression of his manhood".[15]
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