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Mein Kampf (Arabic:كفاحي,romanized: Kifāḥī;lit. 'My Struggle'),Adolf Hitler's 900-page autobiography outlininghis political views, has been translated intoArabic a number of times since the early 1930s.
On October 21, 1933,Yunus al-Sabawi published his translations ofMein Kampf in Iraqi newspaperal-Alam al-Arabi, alarming the localBaghdad Jewish community.[1] Whether the Nazi regime would allow a translation ultimately depended on Hitler's approval.Fritz Grobba, theGermanambassador to theKingdom of Iraq, played a key role in urging the translation, but the book'sracism posed a challenge. Grobba suggested modifying the text "in ways that correspond to the sensitivities of the race conscious Arabs", such as changing"anti-Semitic" to "anti-Jewish", "bastardized" to "dark", and toning down arguments for the supremacy of the "Aryan race".[2] Though Hitler initially resisted modifications, he accepted the Arabic changes on November 12, 1936.[2] Grobba sent 117 clippings from al-Sabawi's translations, but Bernhard Moritz, anArabist consultant for the German Government who was also fluent in Arabic, said the proposed translation was incomprehensible and rejected it, ending this particular attempt.[3]
Around the same time,Lebanese newspaperAl Nida published extracts fromMein Kampf in early 1934.[4] Though the German consulate was not in contact with the paper, it reported favorably on the development. EditorKamil Muruwa sought to publish a full translation and requested financial support from the German government.[5] The outcome remains unclear, as the consulate viewed potential Arab contacts in the Levant as unreliable.[6]
In 1935, Umar Abu Nasr independently published a 108-page book of partialMein Kampf translations in Beirut, separate fromAl Nida. While the consulate considered this book, titledHitler's Struggle, a glorification of Hitler's life, a later publication was described as "an inferior piece of workmanship".[6] The second book was calledHitler, the Terrible or The Police of the Dreadful Politician[a]. HistorianStefan Wild uses the lack of official German reaction to Abu Nasr's translation to speculate that it was not favorable to Hitler, though copies did reachTetuan in Morocco.[8]
Subsequently, theGerman Ministry of Propaganda ordered a translation through the German bookshop Overhamm inCairo.[9] One translator was Ahmad Mahmud al-Sadati, a Muslim who had published one of the first Arabic books onNational Socialism, "Adolf Hitler, za'im al-ishtirakiya al-waṭaniya ma' al-bayan lil-mas'ala al-yahudiya." ("Adolf Hitler, leader of National Socialism, together with an explanation of theJewish question."). When the manuscript was presented for review in 1937, Moritz once again rejected it as incomprehensible. Sadati's book was published without his permission and received limited circulatation.[10][11]
Another Arabic translation by Ali Muhammad Mahbub contained fewer than 200octavo pages of actual translation.[12] This translation was extremely poor. For example, it translated "Ich wurde Nationalist" into "innani asbahtu ishtirakiyyan" ("I become a Nationalist" vs "I became a Socialist").[13]
This translation caused a big stir Egypt, as the paperRuz al Yusuf reported that the translation missed a passage which implied that Arabs were racially inferior, specifically this section of Mein Kampf, :
Genau so kümmerlich sind die Hoffnungen auf den sagenhaften Aufstand in Ägypten. Der "Heilige Krieg" kann unseren deutschen Schafkopfspielern das angenehme Gruseln bringen, daß jetzt andere für uns zu verbluten bereit sind - denn diese feige Spekulation ist, ehrlich gesagt, schon immer der stille Vater solcher Hoffnungen gewesen -, in der Wirklichkeit würde er unter dem Strichfeuer englischer Maschinengewehrkompanien und dem Hagel von Bristolbomben ein höllisches Ende nehmen.Es ist eben eine Unmöglichkeit, einen mächtigen Staat, der entschlossen ist, für seine Existenz, wenn nötig, den letzten Blutstropfen einzusetzen, durch eine Koalition von Krüppeln zu besiegen. Als völkischer Mann, der den Wert des Menschentums nach rassischen Grundlagen abschätzt, darf ich schon aus der Erkenntnis der rassischen Minderwertigkeit dieser sogenannten "unterdrückten Nationen" die Unmöglichkeit des eigenen Volkes mit dem ihren verketten.
The Germans Legation protested in a formal note to the Egyptian foreign ministry, demanding that all copies of the book be removed from the market. The above passage embarrassed the Nazis, and Mahbub's book contained an excerpt fromStephen Roberts' bookThe House That Hitler Built, which was critical of Hitler, though the Germans ultimately decided to take no action.[14]
In Egypt, Hamid Maliji, an Egyptian attorney, wrote:[15][16]
Arab friends:...The Arabic copies ofMein Kampf distributed in the Arab world do not conform to the original German edition since the instructions given to Germans regarding us have been removed. In addition, these excerpts do not reveal his [Hitler's] true opinion of us. Hitler asserts that Arabs are an inferior race, that the Arabic heritage has been pillaged from other civilizations, and that Arabs have neither culture nor art, as well as other insults and humiliations that he proclaims concerning us.
Egyptian magazineal-Risala stated that "it was Hitler's tirades inMein Kampf that turned anti-Semitism into a political doctrine and a program for action".al-Risala rejectedNazism in many publications.[17][18]
On October 20, 1938, the Arabic translation was put on sale in Jerusalem, with many copies distributed for free to the Arab population. This edition omitted the passage ranking Arabs as 14th on the "racial scale."[19]
A German diplomat inCairo suggested that instead of deleting the offending passage about Arabs, it would be better to add to the introduction a statement that "Egyptian people 'were differentially developed and that the Egyptians standing at a higher level themselves do not want to be placed on the same level with their numerous backward fellow Egyptians.'" Otto von Hentig, a staff member of the German foreign ministry, suggested that the translation should be rewritten in a style "that every Muslim understands: theKoran," to give it a more sacred tone. He said that "a truly good Arabic translation would meet with extensive sympathy in the whole Arabic speaking world fromMorocco toIndia." Eventually, the translation was sent to Arab nationalism advocateShakib Arslan. Arslan, who lived inGeneva, Switzerland, was an editor ofLa Nation arabe, an influential Arab nationalist paper. He also was a confidant ofHaj Amin al-Husseini, aPalestinianArab nationalist and Muslim leader in theBritish Mandate of Palestine, who met with Hitler.
Arslan's 960-page translation was almost completed when the Germans requested to calculate the cost of the first 10,000 copies to be printed with "the title and back of the flexible cloth binding... lettered in gold." On 21 December 1938, the project was rejected by theGerman Ministry of Propaganda because of the high cost of the projected publication.[20][21]
There was also a pamphlet published in 1939 by Abder-Rahmane Fitrawe calledLe racisme et l'Islam ("Racism and Islam") which consisted of political cartoons to alert the Muslim community of Algeria of Nazism and fascism, along with excerpts of Mein Kampf in both Arabic and French.[22][23][24][25]
In a speech to the United Nations immediately following theSuez Crisis in 1956,Israeli Foreign MinisterGolda Meir claimed that the Arabic translation ofMein Kampf was found inEgyptian soldiers' knapsacks. In the same speech she also describedGamal Abdel Nasser as a "disciple of Hitler who was determined to annihilate Israel".[26] Arabic kitbag editions entitledMein Kampf by Hitler, Hitler and Nazism were found among personal possessions of some Egpytian officers captured by Israeli during the crisis. The editions, published by the Beirut Printing and Publishing House in 1952, 1954, and 1955 and translated by Louis el Haj, included extracts ofMein Kampf and photographs of Hitler and Nazi rallies in Nuremberg. British undersecretary of warJulian Amery stated on 12 February 1957 that while British troops found no Arabic copies, Mein Kampf "seemed to have been in fairly general circulation amopng officers of the Egyptian Army."[27]
A new translation was published in 1963, translated byLuis al-Haj. Some authors claim that al-Hajj was aNazi war criminal originally named Luis Heiden who fled to Egypt after World War II. However, Arabic sources[28] and more recent publications identify him asLouis al-Hajj (لويس الْحاج), a translator and writer from Lebanon, who later became the editor in chief of the newspaperal-Nahar (النَّهار) in Beirut, and who translated parts ofMein Kampf from French into Arabic in 1963.[29] Al-Hajj’s translation contains only fragments of Hitler’s 800-page book.
The book was republished in 1995 byBisan Publishers inBeirut.[30]
As of 2002, news dealers onEdgware Road in central London, an area with a large Arab population, were selling the translation.[30] In 2005, theIntelligence and Terrorism Information Center, an Israeli think tank, confirmed the continued sale of the Bisan edition in bookstores in Edgware Road.[31] In 2007, anAgence France-Presse reporter interviewed a bookseller at theCairo International Book Fair who stated that he had sold many copies ofMein Kampf.[32]
In an interview with theBBC on November 11, 2023, during theGaza war, PresidentIsaac Herzog claimed to have obtained an Arabic copy ofMein Kampf from Gaza.IDF soldiers reported finding it in a children's room in Gaza, used as a base byHamas fighters. The contents of the book included notes in Arabic written in marker.[33][34][35] Marc Owen Jones, an associate professor atHamad Bin Khalifa University, characterized the supposed finding ofMein Kampf in Gaza as "an attempt to bolster the narrative that Palestinian children are being filled with hate, are beyond redemption and are thusvalid targets for killing."[36]
In 2024 and 2025, the IDF claimed to have found copies ofMein Kampf in Arabic.[37][38][39][40]
One of the leaders of theSyrianBa'ath Party,Sami al-Jundi, wrote of his school days in Damascus 1939 : "We were racialists, admiring Nazism, reading its books and the source of its thought... We were the first to think of translatingMein Kampf."[41][b]
According toJeffrey Herf, "To be sure, the translations of Hitler'sMein Kampf andThe Protocols of the Elders of Zion into Arabic were important sources of the diffusion of Nazi ideology and anti-Semitic conspiracy thinking to Arab and Muslim intellectuals. Although both texts were available in various Arabic editions before the war began, they played little role in the Third Reich's Arab propaganda."[42] Herf argues that it was the'selective appropriation and interpretation' of the Quran that was the most important in Nazi propaganda for the Arab and Muslim world.
After the Suez Crisis,David Ben-Gurion likened Nasser'sPhilosophy of the Revolution to Hitler'sMein Kampf,[43] a comparison also made byFrench Prime MinisterGuy Mollet, thoughTime at the time discounted this comparison as "overreaching".[44] "Seen from Washington and New York, Nasser was not Hitler and Suez was not the Sinai," writesPhilip Daniel Smith, dismissing the comparison.[44] According toBenny Morris, however, Nasser had not publicly called for the destruction of Israel until after the war, but other Egyptian politicians preceded him in this regard.[43] The second generation of Israeli history textbooks included a photograph of Hitler'sMein Kampf found at Egyptian posts during the war.Elie Podeh writes that the depiction is "probably genuine", but that it "served to dehumanize Egypt (and especially Nasser) by associating it with the Nazis."[45]
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