Megawati's last name (Sukarnoputri, meaning "daughter ofSukarno") is apatronym, not afamily name.Javanese often do not have family names, similarlyMinang living outside of traditionalnagari society often do not carry onmatrilinealclan names. She is often referred to as simplyMegawati orMega, derived fromSanskrit meaning 'cloud goddess.' In a speech to the students of the Sri Sathya Sai Primary School, she mentioned thatIndian politicianBiju Patnaik named her at Sukarno's request.[2][3]
Megawati Sukarnoputri was born inYogyakarta toSukarno and his wifeFatmawati. Sukarno haddeclared Indonesia's independence from theNetherlands 2 years prior in 1945.Fatmawati, aMinang descended fromInderapura aristocracy, was one of his nine wives. Megawati Sukarnoputri was Sukarno's second child and eldest daughter. She grew up in her father'sMerdeka Palace. She danced for her father's guests and developed a gardening hobby. Megawati Sukarnoputri was 19 when her father relinquished power in 1966 and was succeeded by a government which eventually came to be led by PresidentSuharto.[4]
Megawati Sukarnoputri attendedUniversitas Padjadjaran inBandung to study agriculture but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father followinghis fall. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati Sukarnoputri went to theUniversitas Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out after two years.[5]
Megawati Sukarnoputri as a member of the People's Representative Council in 1987
In 1986,Suharto gave the status ofProclamation Hero toSukarno in a ceremony attended by Megawati Sukarnoputri.[6] Suharto's acknowledgment enabled theIndonesian Democratic Party (PDI), a government-sanctioned party, to campaign on Sukarno nostalgia in the lead-up to the1987 legislative elections. Up to that time, Megawati Sukarnoputri had seen herself as a housewife, but in 1987 she joined PDI and ran for aPeople's Representative Council (DPR) seat.[4] The PDI accepted Megawati Sukarnoputri to boost their own image. Megawati Sukarnoputri quickly became popular, her status as Sukarno's daughter offsetting her lack of oratorical skills. Although PDI came last in the elections, Megawati Sukarnoputri was elected to the DPR. Like all members of the DPR she also became a member of thePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR).[7]
Megawati Sukarnoputri was not reelected, but continued as a PDI member. In December 1993, the PDI held a national congress. As was always the case whenNew Order opposition parties held their congresses, the government actively interfered. As the Congress approached, three individuals contended for the PDI chair. The incumbent,Suryadi, had become critical of the government. The second was Budi Harjono a government-friendly figure whom the government backed. The third was Megawati Sukarnoputri. Her candidacy received such overwhelming support that her election at the Congress became a formality.[8]
When the congress assembled, the government stalled and delayed attempts to hold the election.[8] The congress faced a deadline when their permit to assemble would run out. As the hours ticked down to the end of the congress, troops began gathering. With only two hours remaining, Megawati Sukarnoputri called a press conference, stating that because she enjoyed the support of a majority of PDI members, she was now the de facto chair.[8] Despite her relative lack of political experience, she was popular in part for her status as Sukarno's daughter and because she was seen as free of corruption with admirable personal qualities. Under her leadership, PDI gained a large following among the urban poor and both urban and rural middle classes.[9]
The government was outraged at its failure to prevent Megawati's rise. They never acknowledged Megawati Sukarnoputri although her self-appointment was ratified in 1994. In 1996, the government convened a special national congress inMedan that reelected Suryadi as chair. Megawati Sukarnoputri and her camp refused to acknowledge the results and the PDI divided into pro-Megawati and anti-Megawati camps.[10]
Suryadi began threatening to take back PDI's Headquarters inJakarta. This threat was carried on the morning of27 July 1996.[11] Suryadi's supporters (reportedly with the government's backing) attacked PDI Headquarters and faced resistance from Megawati Sukarnoputri supporters stationed there. In the ensuing fight, Megawati's supporters held on to the headquarters. A riot ensued, followed by a government crackdown. The government later blamed the riots on thePeople's Democratic Party (PRD), and continued to recognize Suryadi's faction as the official party.[12]
Despite what seemed to be a political defeat, Megawati Sukarnoputri scored a moral victory and her popularity grew. When the time came for the1997 legislative election, Megawati Sukarnoputri and her supporters threw their support behind theUnited Development Party (PPP), the other approved opposition party.[13]
In mid-1997, Indonesia began to be affected by theAsian Financial Crisis and showed severe economic distress. By late January 1998 therupiah fell to nearly 15,000 against theUS dollar, compared to only 4,000 in early December. Increasing public anger at pervasive corruption culminated withSuharto's resignation and the assumption of the presidency by Vice PresidentB. J. Habibie in May 1998, starting theReformation era (Reformasi). The restrictions on Megawati Sukarnoputri were removed and she began to consolidate her political position. In October 1998, her supporters held a National Congress whereby Megawati's PDI faction would now be known as theIndonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). Megawati Sukarnoputri was elected chair and was nominated as PDI-P's presidential candidate.[14]
PDI-P, together with Abdurrahman Wahid'sNational Awakening Party (PKB) and Amien Rais'National Mandate Party (PAN), became the leading reform forces. Despite their popularity, Megawati Sukarnoputri, Abdurrahman Wahid and Amien Rais adopted a moderate stance, preferring to wait until the1999 legislative election to begin major changes.[15] In November 1998, Megawati Sukarnoputri, together with Abdurrahman Wahid, Amien Rais andHamengkubuwono X reiterated their commitment to reform through the Ciganjur Statement.[16]
As the elections approached, Megawati Sukarnoputri,Abdurrahman Wahid andAmien Rais considered forming a political coalition against President Habibie andGolkar. In May,Alwi Shihab held a press conference at his house during which Megawati Sukarnoputri, Abdurrahman Wahid and Amien Rais were to announce that they would work together. At the last minute, Megawati Sukarnoputri chose not to attend, because she decided that she could not trust Amien.[17] In June, the elections were held and PDI-P came first with 33% of the votes.[18]
With the victory, Megawati's presidential prospects solidified. She was opposed by PPP who did not want a female president.[19] In preparation for the 1999 MPR General Session, PDI-P formed a loose coalition with PKB. As the MPR General Session approached, it seemed as if the presidential election would be contested between Megawati Sukarnoputri and B. J. Habibie, but by late June Amien Rais had drawn the Islamic parties into a coalition called the Central Axis.[17] The presidential election became a three-way race when Amien Rais floated the idea of nominating Wahid for president; but Abdurrahman Wahid did not provide a clear response to the proposal.[citation needed]
Megawati's PDI-P and PKB coalition faced its first test when the MPR assembled to choose its chair. Megawati Sukarnoputri threw her support behind Matori Abdul Djalil, the Chair of PKB. He was overwhelmingly defeated by Amien Rais, who in addition to enjoying Central Axis support was backed by Golkar.[19] The Golkar and Central Axis coalition struck again when they securedAkbar Tandjung's election as Head of DPR. At this stage, people became wary that Megawati Sukarnoputri, who best represented reform, was going to be obstructed by the political process and that the status quo was going to be preserved. PDI-P supporters began to gather in Jakarta.
B. J. Habibie made a poorly received speech on political accountability that led him to withdraw. The presidential election held on 20 October 1999 came down to Megawati Sukarnoputri and Abdurrahman Wahid. Megawati Sukarnoputri took an early lead, but was overtaken and lost with 313 votes compared to Wahid's 373. Megawati's loss provoked her supporters to revolt.[19] Riots raged in Java andBali. In the city ofSolo, PDI-P masses attacked Amien's house.
The next day, the MPR assembled to elect the vice president. PDI-P had considered nominating Megawati Sukarnoputri, but were concerned that the Central Axis and Golkar coalition would again thwart her. Instead, PKB nominated Megawati Sukarnoputri. She faced stiff competition from Hamzah Haz,Akbar Tandjung, and GeneralWiranto.[19] Well aware of the riots, Akbar Tandjung and Wiranto withdrew.Hamzah Haz stayed in the race, but Megawati defeated him 396 to 284. In her inauguration speech, she called for calm.
Megawati's official vice-presidential portrait,BRI 2nd Class featured
As vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri had considerable authority by virtue of her commanding many seats in the DPR. Abdurrahman Wahid delegated to her the problems inAmbon, although she was not successful.[20] By the time the MPR Annual Session assembled in August 2000, many considered Abdurrahman Wahid to be ineffective as president or as an administrator. Abdurrahman Wahid responded to this by issuing a presidential decree, giving Megawati Sukarnoputri day-to-day control of the government.[20]
The First PDI-P Congress was held inSemarang,Central Java, in April 2000, at which Megawati Sukarnoputri was re-elected as chair for a second term.[21]
Megawati Sukarnoputri consolidated her position within PDI-P by taking harsh measures to remove potential rivals.[22] During the election for the chair, two other candidates emerged;Eros Djarot and Dimyati Hartono. They ran because they did not want Megawati Sukarnoputri to serve concurrently as both chair and vice president. Eros' nomination from theSouth Jakarta branch was voided by membership problems. Eros was not allowed to participate in the Congress. Disillusioned with what he perceived to be acult of personality developing around Megawati, Eros left PDI-P. In July 2002, he formed theFreedom Bull National Party. Although Dimyati's candidacy was not opposed as harshly as Eros, he was removed as Head of PDI-P's Central Branch. He kept his position as aPeople's Representative Council (DPR) member, but left the party to become a university lecturer.[23] In April 2002, Dimyati formed the Our Homeland of Indonesia Party (PITA).[24]
Megawati Sukarnoputri had an ambivalent relationship with Abdurrahman Wahid. During the cabinet reshuffle of August 2000 for example, Megawati was not present for the announcement of the new line-up.[25] At another occasion, when the political tide began to turn against Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati Sukarnoputri defended him and lashed out against critics.[26] In 2001, Megawati Sukarnoputri began to distance herself from Abdurrahman Wahid as a Special Session of the MPR approached and her prospects of becoming president improved. Although she refused to make any specific comments, she showed signs of preparing herself, holding a meeting with party leaders a day before the Special Session was to start.[citation needed]
President Megawati during her visit to theWhite House. Standing beside her was US presidentGeorge W. Bush.
The rise of an icon of opposition against the Suharto regime to the presidency was initially widely welcomed, however it soon became apparent that her presidency was marked with indecisiveness, lack of clear ideological direction, and "a reputation for inaction on important policy issues".[29][30][31] The good side of slow progress of reforms and avoiding confrontations was that she stabilized the overall democratization process and relationship between legislative, executive, and military.[29]
Reforms conducted fromAbdurrahman Wahid's presidency has become Megawati's important agenda in restoring political stability and democracy. In doing so, her administration passed 2 moreconstitutional amendments with the third amendment being held on 10 November 2001 and the fourth amendment held on 1–11 August 2002.[32] These amendments contributed to the formation of theConstitutional Court[33] and the dissolution of theSupreme Advisory Council.[32] As a contribution to these amendments, her government has drafted many laws that will fulfill the mandate of the amendments made to the Indonesian Constitution, especially in the areas of regional government, political parties, and general elections.[34]
Megawati Sukarnoputri also established the first general election system, where the Indonesian people can directly elect the president and vice president, in addition to electing legislative candidates. As a result, she was given the title "Mother of Upholding the Constitution".[35]
Megawati Sukarnoputri also played an important role in the formation of the Corruption Eradication Commission, an institution tasked with eradicatingcorruption in Indonesia. In eradicating the rampant corruption inherited from theNew Order, she formed theCorruption Eradication Commission (KPK).[36] The formation of the KPK was based on Megawati's view that many legal institutions at that time were not clean, so the KPK needed to be formed. Long before that, the initial idea for forming the Corruption Eradication Committee emerged in the era of PresidentBJ Habibie who issued Law Number 28 of 1999 concerning State Administration that was clean and free from corruption, collusion and nepotism.[36]
Home Affairs MinisterHari Sabarno outlined her administration's focus ondecentralization, where the implementation ofregional autonomy is carried out fairly to give authority to regions to manage their own regions while maintaining national unity and integrity.[34] In guiding such autonomy and to preserve national unity, her government implements regional autonomy policies that are proportional and consistent, implementing fair financial balance, increasing the distribution of easily accessible public services, correcting gaps in economic development and regional income, and respects regional cultural values based on the mandate of the amendment to the Constitution.[37]
TheIndonesian National Armed Forces has undergone changes in order to suit their new roles in the democratic administration to be a military force that is more dynamic, ever-ready and flexible to changes. This is specified by Megawati on the following quote:[34]
The TNI has pledged its commitment to continue carrying out its internal reforms by way of taking concrete measures to position itself professionally and functionally as the instrument of state defense and to uphold the enforcement of democracy as well as to abide by the law and to respect human rights
— Megawati Sukarnoputri
One of the roles of the TNI in the democratic political system carried out by President Megawati was also specifically deciding to transfer the authority to carry out security operations in Maluku from the hands of the Police to the hands of the TNI which proved effective in restoring stability in 2002. President Megawati also revived theIskandar Muda Regional Military Command in February 2002.[34]
She passed Law No. 3 2002 on National Defense which outlines huge changes to the military. The policy stated in the law then became the forerunner of the definitions, goals, roles, targets and implementation of Indonesia's defenses. Apart from making Indonesia a safe country for its people and build peace with, the defense policy also includes Indonesia's geographical aspects as an archipelagic country as a consideration to make preparations on national defense. In this policy, theIndonesian National Armed Forces is placed as the main defense component, supported by reserves and supporting components.[34] Megawati also involvednon-governmental organizations to assist the military in non-military threats.[37] In 2002, she prepared a budget of IDR 7,5 billion for TNI/POLRI's welfare programs which includes housing for personnels of each branch and facility improvements.[34]
Internationally, the military was hit by an arms embargo imposed by theUnited States and US PresidentBill Clinton accused Indonesia of conductinghuman rights violation inEast Timor.[34] The embargo affected Indonesia's ability to purchase spare parts for strategic arsenals such asF-16 Fighting Falcon andNorthrop F-5 owned by theIndonesian Air Force and reduced combat readiness of all Indonesian military units down to 50%.[34] As a result, Megawati turned toRussia for military cooperation, resulting in the acquisition of military equipment such asSukhoi Su-27 fighters andMil Mi-35 attack helicopters in order to effectively defend Indonesia from external threats.[34][38]
On 19 May 2003, in response ofGAM refusal of the Tokyo peace deal which planned to end thedecades long insurgency in Aceh, Megawati gave the 12th Indonesian Military Chief GeneralEndriartono Sutarto, permission to commencemilitary operations against the GAM separatist. General Sutarto also imposed martial law in Aceh for a period of six months and the Indonesian government subsequently deployed 1,500 soldiers and 12,000 police to the province.[39] During the military operation, government forces would conduct numerous human rights abuses including torture, rape, forced disappearances, and murder.[40] An estimated 1,159 rebels died with 147 civilians were killed and 155 wounded during the operation.[41]
Since her inauguration, Megawati's administration strive to provide conditions that conducive to rebuilding the economy that has been in ruins ever since the1997 Asian financial crisis and the political crisis sinceSuharto's fall between 1998 and 2001. During the early periods of her administration, Indonesia has US$105.8 billion in debt which was inherited fromSuharto's regime.[42] As president, she attendedParis Club andLondon Club meetings in an attempt to renegotiate Indonesia's outstanding debts which result in Megawati able to delay the payments of US$5.8 billion of debts in a Paris Club meeting in 12 April 2002 and prepared a debt payment of Rp.116.3 billion on 2003.[34]
Her administration is widely known for privatizations ofstate owned enterprises (SOE).[43] According to Megawati, the privatization of SOEs is done to defend SOEs from public intervention and debt payments, to increase efficiency and competitiveness of the SOEs and to speed up economic growth from the private sector.[34][43] Numerous state enterprises such asSemen Gresik,Bank Negara Indonesia,Kimia Farma and most controversially,Indosat were privatized.[43][44] In her own journal, Megawati's privatization drive has successfully increased economic growth by 4.1% and suppressed inflation by 5.06%.[34] However, her privatization on SOEs especially onIndosat generated criticisms and Megawati was accused as aneoliberal.[45]
One of her national development focus and leading sector is Indonesia's marine and fisheries economy. On 7 June 2003, Megawati on boardKRITanjung Dalpele launched the National Movement for Maritime and Fisheries Development (GERBANG MINA BAHARI). In essence, the movement establishes the Maritime and Fisheries sector, Maritime Tourism, Maritime Industry and Services, and Maritime Transportation as the prime mover of national economic development. Simultaneously, other development sectors and political-economic policies support these prime mover sectors. Meanwhile, the basis of Maritime and Fisheries development is Sustainable Development, namely harmonizing efforts to increase economic growth, equal distribution of welfare and environmental preservation.[34]
Under Megawati, Indonesia reaffirmed its presence in Papua and positioned itself as the central government and ensured that the doctrine of independence and the ideas of freedom and self-determination did not emerge.[48] Under the Megawati’s administration, West Papuan independence activistTheys Eluay was assassinated. Megawati’s government also postponed the implementing regulations for the establishment of the Papuan People’s Assembly (Majelis Rakyat Papua), and favored the issuance of a presidential decree to implement Law No. 45/1999[49] to divide Papua into three distinct provinces.[50][51]
In 2003, Megawati launched a reforestation program in the form of the National Movement for Forest and Terrain Rehabilitation (GERHAN). This program aimed to address the need for rehabilitation of degraded areas which are increasing in size and the destruction of forests and land that has occurred.[37] According toMinister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Rokhmin Dahuri, Megawati has long loved gardening. Rokhmin said that her personal hobby has also made Megawati to be more aware and concerned about policies related to environmental conservation.[52]
Her administration's foreign policy largely maintained the notion of non-alignment while conducting partnerships in efforts to quell terrorist attacks at the aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacks and2002 Bali bombings. Shortly after her inauguration, Megawati visited theUnited States on September 19, 2001 and had a meeting with PresidentGeorge W. Bush where both countries pledged to cooperate against radical Islamic terrorism based on shared democratic values.[53][54] She also sent her condolences to the victims of the September 11 attacks while telling Bush Indonesia also has the same mission against terrorism.[55] The engagement with President Bush marked a renewal of ties which were previously strained under PresidentBill Clinton, including discussions on military cooperation and training programs with Indonesia.[56]
The2002 Bali bombings which killed 202 people, among them 88 Australians prompted Megawati to intensify international cooperation against terrorism. Her administration issued two presidential decrees in lieu of legislation to address terrorism and arrested key suspects, including radical Islamic clericAbu Bakar Ba'asyir.[57] In a joint press conference on 2003, President Bush commended Megawati's leadership in confronting terrorism and supported her reforms in civil-military administration while also proposed to send a $157 million aid to support basic education for Indonesia.[58] The United States also reaffirmed commitments to military education exchanges and partnerships in regional security.[59]
Incumbent president Megawati Sukarnoputri was the PDI-P's top nominee, seeking to become the first woman elected in her own right as president of a Muslim-majority country. She was joined by vice-presidential candidateHasyim Muzadi, general chairman of Indonesia's largest Islamic organisationNahdlatul Ulama (NU). The pair was assigned the number2 for its ballot.[60] However, she was decisively defeated bySusilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the second round, by 61 percent to 39 percent,[27] on 20 September 2004. She did not attend the new president's inauguration and never congratulated him.[61]
On 11 September 2007 Megawati Sukarnoputri announced her candidacy in the2009 presidential electionat a PDI-P gathering. Soetardjo Soerjoguritno confirmed her willingness to be nominated as her party's presidential candidate.[62] Her nomination for president was announced on 15 May 2009, withGerindra Party leaderPrabowo Subianto as her running mate.[63]
Megawati's 2009 race was overshadowed by her calls to change Indonesia'svoter registration procedure, obliquely suggesting that Yudhoyono's supporters were trying to manipulate the vote.[64] Megawati Sukarnoputri and Prabowo Subianto lost the election to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, coming in second with 26.79% of the vote.[65]
Megawati Sukarnoputri with Joko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla (2nd and 3rd from left) in 2016
On 24 February 2012, Megawati Sukarnoputri distanced herself from polls[66] that placed her as a top contender for the2014 presidential election.[67] As Chair of PDI-P, she appealed to her party at a gathering inYogyakarta to focus on its current priorities. Nonetheless, adomain name appeared to have been registered in her name.[68] On 27 December 2012, the daily edition of theJakarta Post hinted at a possible reconciliation in the 2014 general election between the families of Megawati Sukarnoputri and PresidentSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono and their political parties, her PDI-P and hisDemocratic Party respectively.[69]
For the 2014 general election, the PDI-P and their coalition partners nominatedJoko Widodo as their candidate for president. Joko Widodo defeated his opponentPrabowo Subianto in a hotly contested election.[70] Later, the relationship between Megawati Sukarnoputri and Joko Widodo became strained as she pushed for Police Commissary GeneralBudi Gunawan for the post of the Indonesian Police Chief, despite him being investigated for corruption by theCorruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Budi Gunawan was Megawati'sadjutant during her tenure as president.[71] Megawati later criticize Jokowi's decision, quipping him for not carrying out the party line of struggle, which resulted in a controversy.[72] Budi Gunawan was eventually appointed as the Director of theState Intelligence Agency.[73]
At the 4th PDI-P National Congress on 20 September 2014, Megawati Sukarnoputri was reappointed Chair of PDI-P for 2015-2020.[74]
On 10 January 2024, during the 51st anniversary of PDI-P, Megawati Sukarnoputri made a speech about several strategic issues, such as neutrality of the authorities, democracy, elections and volunteers.[75] She then gave a satirical speech forJoko Widodo, touching on the stigma of the role of volunteers in winning the presidential election and emphasizing that only parties have the authority to nominate president and vice president.[75] At the end of her speech, Megawati Sukarnoputri said that she was confident that the presidential and vice-presidential candidates from her party coalition,Ganjar Pranowo andMahfud MD, would win in just one round in the 2024 presidential election. She added that Ganjar Pranowo and Mahfud MD were energetic, intelligent and cared about the little people.[75]
Megawati Sukarnoputri at the inauguration of the South Korean PresidentYoon Suk-yeol in Seoul, 10 May 2022
So far, Megawati Sukarnoputri is the only former president which somehow retained her influence within the government and even appointed to strategic positions with advisory capabilities. On 22 March 2018, she was appointed as Head of Steering Committee ofPancasila Ideology Development Agency. She also gained position as Head ofNational Research and Innovation Agency Steering Committee since 5 May 2021, and she was formally appointed on 13 September 2021.[76][77]
Megawati Sukarnoputri with husbandTaufiq Kiemas and three children
Megawati's first husband was First LieutenantSurindro Supjarso [id], whom she married on 1 June 1968. He perished in a plane crash inBiak,West Irian, on 22 January 1970. On 27 June 1972, she married Hassan Gamal Ahmad Hassan, anEgyptian diplomat. The marriage was annulled by the Religious Court less than 3 months later.[5] She then marriedTaufiq Kiemas on 25 March 1973. He died on 8 June 2013.[79] She has three children, Mohammad Rizki Pratama, Muhammad Prananda Prabowo, andPuan Maharani. The sons are from her marriage with Surindro, while Puan Maharani is the only child from Megawati's marriage to Taufiq.[80][81]
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^Fujikawa, K. (2017). Drifting between Accommodation and Repression: Explaining Indonesia’s Policies towards its Separatists. The Pacific Review, 30(5), 655-673. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2017.1293713
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