τὰ Μέγαρα(in Ancient Greek) | |
 Mosaics on the floor of a house near the western gate of Megara Hyblaea. | |
  Megara Hyblaea Shown within Italy | |
| Location | Augusta, Sicily,Italy |
|---|---|
| Region | Sicily |
| Coordinates | 37°12′14.04″N15°10′54.84″E / 37.2039000°N 15.1819000°E /37.2039000; 15.1819000 |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Builder | Greek settlers fromMegara |
| Founded | 8th century BC |
| Abandoned | Approximately 483 BC |
| Periods | Archaic Greek |
| Cultures | Greek |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1891 |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Ownership | Public |
| Management | Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali di Siracusa |
| Public access | Yes |
Megara Hyblaea (Ancient Greek:Μέγαρα Ὑβλαία) – perhaps identical withHybla Major – is anancient Greek colony ofMagna Graecia inSicily, situated nearAugusta on the east coast, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-northwest ofSyracuse,Italy, on the deep bay formed by the Xiphonian promontory.[1] There were at least three (and possibly as many as five) cities[2] named "Hybla" in ancient accounts of Sicily which are often confounded with each other, and among which it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish.[3]
It was unquestionably aGreek colony, deriving its origin from theMegara inGreece; and the circumstances attending its foundation are related in detail byThucydides. He tells us that a colony from Megara, under the command of a leader namedLamis (Ancient Greek:Λάμις), arrived in Sicily about the time thatLeontini was founded by theChalcidic colonists, and settled themselves first near the mouth of the river Pantagias, at a place called Trotilon (Latin: Trotilus, modernBrucoli). From there they removed to Leontini itself, where they dwelt for a time together with the Chalcidians; but were soon afterwards expelled by them, and next established themselves on the promontory or peninsula ofThapsos (Latin: Thapsus, modern Magnisi), near Syracuse. They again relocated after the death of Lamis, and, at the suggestion ofHyblon, a Sicilian chief of the surrounding country, finally settled at a place afterwards called the Hyblaean Megara. (Thuc. vi. 4.)Scymnus Chius follows a different tradition, as he describes the establishment of the Chalcidians atNaxos and that of the Megarians at Hybla as contemporary, and both preceding the foundation of Syracuse, 734 BC.Strabo also adopts the same view, representing Megara as founded about the same time with Naxos (735 BC), and before Syracuse. (Scymn. Ch. 271-76; Strab. vi. p. 269.) It is impossible to reconcile the two accounts, but that of Thucydides is probably the most trustworthy. Thus the foundation of Megara may be placed about 726 BC. Professor Miller, in her reinvestigation of ancient source materials has determined that they point to various dates of foundation from 758 BC (per theChronikon ofEusebius) to 728 BC (from her reconstructions of dates from Thucydides).[4] Of its earlier history we have scarcely any information, but it would appear to have attained a flourishing condition, as 100 years after its foundation it sent out, in its turn, a colony to the other end of Sicily, where it founded the city ofSelinus, which was destined to rise to far greater power than its parent city. (Thuc. vi. 4; Scymn. Ch. 291; Strab. vi. p. 272.)
Nothing more is known of Megara till the period of its destruction byGelon of Syracuse, about 483 BC, who, after a long siege, made himself master of the city by a capitulation; but, notwithstanding this, caused the bulk of the inhabitants to be sold into slavery, while he established the more wealthy and noble citizens at Syracuse. (Herod. vii. 156; Thuc. vi. 4.) Among the persons thus removed was the celebrated comic poetEpicharmus, who had received his education at Megara, though not a native of that city. (Suda, underἘπίχαρμος;Diogenes Laërtius viii. 3.) According to Thucydides, this event took place 245 years after the foundation of Megara, and may therefore be placed about 483 BC. It is certain that Megara never recovered its power and independence. Thucydides distinctly alludes to it as not existing in his time as a city, but repeatedly mentions the locality, on the sea-coast, which was at that time occupied by the Syracusans, but which theAthenian generalLamachus, during theexpedition against Syracuse (415–413 BC), proposed to make the headquarters of their fleet; his advice was not taken, and the next spring the Syracusans fortified it. (Thuc. vi. 49, 96.)
From this time we meet with repeated mention of a place named Megara or Megaris (Scyl. p. 4. § 6), which it seems impossible to separate from Hybla, and it is probable that the two were, in fact, identical. The site of this later Megara or Hybla may be fixed, with little doubt, at the mouth of the river Alabus (modernCantera); but there seems much reason to suppose that the ancient city, the original Greek colony, was situated close to the remarkable promontory now occupied by the city ofAugusta.[5] It is difficult to believe that this position, the port of which is at least equal to that of Syracuse, while the peninsula itself has the same advantages as that ofOrtygia, should have been wholly neglected in ancient times; and such a station would have admirably served the purposes for which Lamachus urged upon his brother generals the occupation of the vacant site of Megara (Thuc. vi. 49.).
Excavations carried on in 1891 led to the discovery of the northern portion of the western town wall, which in one section served at the same time as an embankment against floods—it was apparently more conspicuous in the time ofPhilipp Cluver, (Sicilia antiqua, Leiden, 1619) p. 133—of an extensivenecropolis, about 1500 tombs of which have been explored, and of a deposit ofvotive objects from a temple. The harbour lay to the north of the town.
In the mid-seventh century, the city was organised according to a regularised plan. An agora emerged with stoas on its north and eastern sides. This is one of the earliest known agoras.[6]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Megara Hyblaea".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–77.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
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