| Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple | |
|---|---|
அருள்மிகு திருக்காமக்கோட்டம் உடைய ஆளுடைய நாச்சியார் உடனாகிய திருவாலவாய் அண்ணல் திருக்கோவில்[1] | |
 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Madurai |
| Deity | |
| Festivals | Chithirai Thiruvizha, Navaratri, Cradle festival, Aavanimoolam,Meenakshi Tirukalyanam, Alagar's river plunge |
| Governing body | Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department |
| Features |
|
| Location | |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Country | India |
  Shown within Tamil Nadu Show map of Tamil Nadu Meenakshi Temple (India) Show map of India | |
| Coordinates | 9°55′11″N78°7′10″E / 9.91972°N 78.11944°E /9.91972; 78.11944 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Pandyan architecture[2] |
| Inscriptions | over 40 |
| Elevation | 144 m (472 ft) |
| Website | |
| https://maduraimeenakshi.hrce.tn.gov.in/ | |
Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, also known asArulmigu Meenakshi Amman Thirukkovil, is a historicHindu temple located on the southern bank of theVaigai River[3] in the temple city[4] ofMadurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to the goddessMeenakshi, a form ofParvati, her consortSundareśvarar, a form ofShiva and her brotherAḻagar, a form ofVishnu.[5] The temple is theologically significant as it represents a confluence of theShaivism,Shaktism andVaishnavism denominations ofHinduism.[6] The temple is at the centre of the ancient temple city ofMadurai mentioned in the TamilSangam literature, with the goddess temple mentioned in 6th-century CE texts. This temple is one of thePaadal Petra Sthalams, which are 275 temples ofShiva that are revered in the verses of Tamil SaivaNayanars of the 6th-9th century CE.
The west tower (gopuram) of the temple is the model on which theTamil Nadu State Emblem is based.[7][8]
Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple was built byPandyan EmperorSadayavarman Kulasekaran I (r. 1190–1216). He built the main portions of the three-storeyedGopuram at the entrance of Sundareswarar Shrine and the central portion of the Goddess Meenakshi Shrine, which are some of the earliest surviving parts of the temple. The traditional texts call him a poet-saint king, additionally credit him with a poem called Ambikai Malai, as well as shrines (koil) each forNatarajar and Surya near the main temple,Ayyanar in the east, Vinayagar in the south, Kariamalperumal in the west andKali in the north. He also built a Mahamandapam. Kulasekara Pandya was also a poet and he composed a poem on Meenakshi named Ambikai Malai.[9]Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I built agopuram in 1231, then called Avanivendaraman, later rebuilt, expanded and named as Sundara Pandya Thirukkopuram.[9] Chitra gopuram (W), also known as Muttalakkum Vayil, was built by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238-1251). This gopuram is named after the frescoes and reliefs that depict secular and religious themes of Hindu culture. Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II also added a pillared corridor to the Sundareswara shrine and the Sundara Pandyan Mandapam.[9] It was rebuilt after the 14th-century damage, its granite structure was renovated by Kumara Krishnappar after 1595.[10]
Though the temple has historic roots, most of the present campus structure was rebuilt after the 14th century, further repaired, renovated and expanded in the 17th century byTirumala Nayaka.[11][12] In the early 14th century, the armies ofDelhi Sultanate led byMalik Kafur plundered the temple, looted it of its valuables and destroyed the Madurai temple town along with many other temple towns of South India.[13][14][15] The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by theVijayanagara Empire rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple.[13][16] In the 16th century, the temple complex was further expanded and fortified by the Nayak rulerVishwanatha Nayakar and later others. The restored complex now houses 14gopurams (gateway towers), ranging from 45–50 m in height, with the southern gopura tallest at 51.9 metres (170 ft). The complex has numerous sculpted pillared halls such as Aayirankaal (1000-pillared hall), Kilikoondu-mandapam, Golu-mandapam and Pudu-mandapam. Its shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities and Shaivism scholars, with thevimanas above thegarbhagrihas (sanctums) of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara gilded with gold.[16][17][18]
The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within theShaivism tradition, dedicated to Meenakshi Devi and Shiva. However, the temple includesVishnu in many narratives, sculptures and rituals as he is considered to be Meenakshi's brother.[19] This has made this temple and Madurai as the "southern Mathura", one included in Vaishnava texts.[20][21] The Meenakshi Amman temple also includes Lakshmi, flute playing Krishna, Rukmini, Brahma, Saraswati, and other Vedic and Puranic deities, as well as artwork showing narratives from major Hindu texts. The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands of visitors a day.[22] The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10-day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, celebrated with much festivities and aratha (chariot) procession during the Tamil month of Chittirai (overlaps with April–May in the Georgian calendar, Chaitra in North India).[23] The Temple was adjudged the best 'Swachh Iconic Place' in India on 1 October 2017 underSwachh Bharat Abhiyan.[24]
The Meenakshi Amman temple is located in the heart of historic Madurai city, about a kilometre south of the Vaigai River. It is about 460 kilometres (290 mi) southwest ofChennai, the state capital.[25] The temple complex is well connected with a road network (four lane National Highway 38), near a major railway junction and an airport (IATA: IXM) with daily services. The city roads radiate from the temple complex and major ring roads form a concentric pattern for the city, a structure that follows theSilpa Sastra guidelines for a city design.[11][26] Madurai is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been covered with Kadamba Forest and hence called Kadambavanam.[27]
According to the inscriptions found inside the temple, the deity goddess was originally called asArulmigu Kaamakottam Udaiya Thiru Aalavaai Naachiyaar (Tamil : அருள்மிகு காமக்கோட்டம் உடைய திரு ஆலவாய் நாச்சியார்) which means the Goddess of Thiru Alavaai (Madurai).[28]
Meenakshi (Sanskrit:मीनाक्षी,lit. 'Mīnākṣī',Tamil:மீனாட்சி,lit. 'Mīṉāṭci') is a term meaning "fish-eyed",[29] derived from the wordsmina ("fish") andakshi ("eyes").[30] She was earlier known by theTamil nameThadadakai ("fish-eyed one"), which was called later as Meenakshi.[31] According to another theory, the name of the goddess means "rule of the fish", derived from theTamil wordsmeen (fish) andaatchi (rule).[32][33] She is also known by the Tamil name "Angayarkanni" or "Ankayarkannammai" (literally, "the mother with the beautiful fish eyes").[29][34]
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The goddess Meenakshi is the principal deity of the temple, unlike most Shiva temples inSouth India whereShiva is the principal deity.[4] According to the Tamil textTiruvilaiyatarpuranam, King Malayadwaja Pandya and his wife Kanchanamalai performed aYajna seeking a son for succession.[35] Instead, a daughter was born out of the fire who was already 3 years old and had three breasts. Shiva intervened and said that the parents should treat her like a son, and when she meets her husband, she will lose the third breast. They followed the advice. The girl grew up, the king crowned her as the successor and when she met Shiva, his words came true, she took her true form of Meenakshi.[36][37] According to Harman, this may reflect the matrilineal traditions in South India and the regional belief that "penultimate [spiritual] powers rest with the women", gods listen to their spouse, and that the fates of kingdoms rest with the women.[36] According to Susan Bayly, the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the "woman is the lynchpin of the system" of social relationships.[38]
The marriage of Meenakshi and Shiva was a grand event, with all gods, goddesses and living beings gathered.Vishnu is believed to be the brother of Meenakshi, giving her away to Shiva at the wedding.
The town ofMadurai is ancient and one mentioned inSangam era texts.[3] These are dated to be from the 1st to 4th century CE.[39] Some early Tamil texts call Madurai asKoodal, and these portray it as a capital and a temple town where every street radiated from the temple. Goddess Meenakshi is described as the divine ruler, who along with Shiva were the primary deities that the southern Tamil kingdoms such as thePandya dynasty revered.[3] The early texts imply that a temple existed in Madurai by the mid-6th century.[26] In medieval literature and inscriptions, it is sometimes referred to as Kadambavanam (lit. "forest of Kadamba") orVelliambalam (lit. "silver hall" where Shiva danced). It was described to be the Sangam of scholars, or a place where scholars meet. It is mentioned in the Tamil textTiruvilayadalpuranam and the Sanskrit textHalasya Mahatmya.[40] It is one of the shrines of the 275Paadal Petra Sthalams.
Early Tamil texts mention the temple and its primary deity by various epithets and names.Thirugnanasambandar, the Saiva saint ofSaiva philosophy for example, mentioned this temple in the 7th century, and described the deity as Aalavaai Iraivan.[41] The origin of the temple is mentioned in these early Tamil texts, some in the regional Puranam genre of literature. All of these place the temple in ancient times and include a warrior goddess, but the details vary significantly and are inconsistent with each other. Some link to it deities they call Aalavaai Iraivan and Aalavaai Annal, or alternatively Angayar Kanni Ammai. Some link its legend to other deities such as Indra who proclaim the primacy of the goddess, while some describe Hindu gods appearing before ancient kings or saints urging wealthy merchants to build this temple in the honour of a goddess. One legend describes a childless king and queen performing yajna for a son, they get a daughter who inherits the kingdom, conquers the earth, meets Shiva ultimately, marries him, continues to rule from Madurai, and the temple memorializes those times. Scholars have attempted to determine the history of the temple from inscriptions found in and outside Madurai, as well as comparing the records relating to South Indian dynasties. These largely post-date the 12th century.[16][42]
In the north of India, the Indian subcontinent was conquered by theDelhi Sultanate. Muslim armies began raiding central India for plunder by the late 13th century. After subduing and extracting huge wealth along with promised annual tributes from the MarathasYadavas of Devagiri in 1308, the TeluguKakatiyas of Warangal in 1310 and the KannadaHoysalas of Dwarasamudra in 1311, Sultan Ala ud Din Khalji's infamous eunuch Muslim general,Malik Kafur, and hisDelhi Sultanate forces in 1311 went deeper into the Deccan peninsula for loot and to establish annual tributes to be paid by theHindu kings.[43][44][45] The records left by the court historians of the Delhi Sultanate state that Malik Kafur raidedMadurai,Chidambaram,Srirangam,Vriddhachalam,Rameswaram and other sacred temple towns, destroyed the temples which were sources of gold and jewels. He brought back enormous loot from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom to Delhi in 1311.[46][47][48]
The Islamic invasion in the 14th century brought an abrupt end to the patronage of Tamil Hindu temple towns.[49] The Tamil Hindus revived these towns but in some places such as Madurai, it took a long while.[44] After the conquest and destruction, the Delhi SultanMuhammad bin Tughluq appointed a Muslim governor in Madurai namedJalaluddin Ahsan Khan, who seceded in 1335 from the Delhi Sultanate and began theMadurai Sultanate. The Sultanate sought tributes from the temple towns, instead of supporting them, and on some occasions damaged them heavily and imposed tyranny upon the local populace. The Muslim Madurai Sultanate was relatively short-lived, with the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire underBukka Raya removing it in 1378 CE.[49] According to one poetic legend calledMadhura Vijayam attributed toGangadevi, the wife of the commanderKumara Kampana, she gave him a sword, urged him to liberate Madurai, right the wrongs, and reopen the Meenakshi temple out of its ruins. The Vijayanagara rulers succeeded, cleared the ruins and reopened the temple for active worship.[50] They restored, repaired and expanded the temple through the 16th century, along with many other regional temples.[51]
The temple was rebuilt by the HinduNayak dynasty rulerVishwanatha Nayak in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Nayaka rulers followed the Hindu texts on architecture called theShilpa Shastras in redesigning the temple city plan and the Meenakshi temple. The city was laid out in the shape of concentric squares and ring roads around them, with radiating streets culminating in the Meenakshi-Sundaresvara temple.[52] These streets use traditional Tamil Hindu month names, such as Adhi, Chitrai, Avani-moola, Masi and others. In each of these months, the Hindus started their tradition of taking the temple bronzes festively through the street of the same name.[52] The temple and the city were once again east facing to greet the risingSurya (sun god).[52][note 1] The temple city grew again around the new temple, with human settlements structured as per their castes, with the royalty, Kshatriyas and Vaishya merchants living on the southeast side of the temple, the Brahmins in a special quarter close to the temple, while others in other areas and fringes of the city.[53] The king started a procession tradition linked to the temple to link his authority with the divine and maintain the social system.[53] In contrast, the procession reflects the traditional matrilineal social values, the brother-sister-groom kinship values that better explain its popularity. The warrior goddess worship tradition is ancient in the Tamil Hindu tradition, and it dramatically expanded after the 14th-century wars.[38]
The work completed by Vishwanatha Nayaka in 1560 was substantially expanded to the current structure during the reign ofTirumala Nayaka (1623–55). Tirumala Nayaka, aHindu king, took considerable interest in erecting many complexes inside the temple. His major contributions are theVasantha Mandapam for celebratingVasanthotsavam (spring festival) andKilikoondu Mandapam (corridor of parrots). The corridors of the temple tank andMeenatchi Nayakar Mandapam were built byRani Mangammal. The initiative for some changes to the structure was under the supervision ofAriyanatha Mudaliar, the prime minister of theNayaka Dynasty.[54]
During the colonial era, the population around the Meenakshi temple attracted a hub of Christian missionary activity headed by competing missions from Portugal and other parts of Europe.[55] The British rulers first gave endowments to the temple and the British troops participated in temple festivities to gain socio-political acceptance. Lord Clive, for example, donated jewels looted by the East India Company from Sringapatam, but in 1820 they withdrew from their roles as temple patrons and participated in temple festivities.[53][56] The missionaries ridiculed the temple artwork and criticized the temple practices while introducing themselves as "Roman Brahmins" and "Northern Sanniasis" [sic]. The missionary efforts were largely unsuccessful with people continuing to patronize the temple after baptizing. The missionaries wrote back that the Tamils were "baptizing, but not converting", for they baptize if "someone wants a wife who is Christian" or medical aid when they have a disease, and material aid if they are poor.[57][58]
After the end of the Nayakas, the start of the Madras presidency and the withdrawal of the colonial British from support, the temple condition degraded. In 1959, Tamil Hindus began collecting donations and initiated restoration work in consultation with engineers, Hindu monasteries, historians and other scholars. The completed restoration was celebrated with aKumbhabhishekam in 1995.[59] The temple is sometimes spelt as Minaksi and the city as Madura in 17th to early 20th-century texts.[40]
The temple has its traditional version of history that it callsShiva-lilas (sports of Shiva), and sixty four of these episodes are painted as murals around the temple walls. These depict the many destructions of Madurai and the temple, then its rise from the ashes and ruins of the destruction every time.[60]
In November 1895, theNadars ofkamuthi petitioned to the Meenakshi Sundaraswara temple, which was under Ramnad M. Baskara Sethupathi's trusteeship of the Raj, for permission to hold a ritual feast. Their petition was accepted, but it should be performed without the entry of Nadars into the temple. An anti-Nadar coalition was created by Vellasami Thevar, the inherited ruler of a vast land under the Raja of Ramnad and the grandfather of the lateMuthuramalinga Thevar. He prohibited the Nadars from asserting their freedom. He ordered the allegiance of the society of Maravar and insisted on a distinction between all classes.[61][62][63]
A group of 15 Nadars belonging to the family of Erulappa Nadar entered the temple in Kamudi in May 1897, performing puja to the chief deity themselves. The Maravars and the Ramnad Zamindar M. Baskara Sethupathi objected to it and lodged a complaint against fifteen members of the family of Erulappa Nadar arguing that they had polluted the temple and requested the payment of₹ 2500 for purification rituals. The court decided on 20 July 1899 that neither the accused nor any member of their community had the right to enter any part of the temple. For the requiredritual purification ceremonies at the temple, the defendants were ordered to pay the amount of five hundred rupees.[62][63]
The Nadars appealed to the High Court of Judicature in Madras, unhappy with the judgment of the subordinate judge of Madurai, with funds of₹ 42,000 raised from members of the community. The judgment went against the Nadars, then they took their appeal to the London Privy Council. The Privy Council approved the decision of the Subordinate Judge of Madurai, citing the High Court's decision of 1908. The District Magistrate of Madurai suggested that the stay of the public force be extended to another term on the ground that the Privy Council 's decision on the Kamudi Temple Entry case could again cause trouble.[62][63]
The temple is maintained and administered by theHindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of theGovernment of Tamil Nadu.[64]
The temple complex is the centre of the old city ofMadurai. It consists of monuments inside several concentric enclosures, each layer fortified with high masonry walls. The outer walls have four towering gateways, allowing devotees and pilgrims to enter the complex from all four directions. After the city's destruction in the 14th century, the Tamil tradition states that the king Vishwantha Nayaka rebuilt the temple and the Madurai city around it under the principles laid down in theShilpa Shastras (Sanskrit:śilpa śāstra). The city plan is based on concentric squares with streets radiating out from the temple.[11] Early Tamil texts mention that the temple was the centre of the city and the streets happened to be radiating out like a lotus and its petals. The templeprakarams (outer precincts of a temple) and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which processions circumambulate the temple complex. The vehicles used in the processions are progressively more massive the further they travel from the centre.[65]
The temple complex is spread over about 5.7 hectares (14 acres).[26][66] The courtyard is close to a square with each side of about 240 metres (800 ft), but more accurately a rectangle with one side about 15 metres (50 ft) longer. The complex has numerous shrines and mandapas, of which the most important and largest are the two parallel shrines in the innermost courtyard, one for Meenakshi (B on the plan) and the other for Sundareshvara (A). Additionally, the complex has a golden lotus sacred pool (L) for pilgrims to bathe in, a thousand-pillar hallchoultry with extensive sculpture (Q), the kalyana mandapa or wedding hall, many small shrines for Hindu deities and for scholars from theSangam (academy) history, buildings which are religious schools and administrative offices, elephant sheds, equipment sheds such as those for holding the chariots used for periodic processions and some gardens.[66] The temple is embedded inside a commercial hub and traditional markets.[26][66]
According to Holly Reynolds, a closer examination of the temple plan, as well as the old city, suggests that it is a mandala, a cosmic diagram laid out based on principles of symmetry and loci.[67]
The temple complex has had a living history, has been in use for almost all of its history except for about 60 years when it was closed and in ruins after its destruction in the 14th century. The temple has continued to evolve in the modern era. For example, before the colonial era, the temple complex itself was inside another layer of the old city's fortified walls. The British demolished this layer of fortification in the early 19th century. The surviving plan of the temple complex places it within the old city, one defined by a set of concentric squares around the temple.[68]
The ancient temple complex was open. The courtyard walls were added over time in response to the invasion and the plunder of the temple complex. According to the textThirupanimalai, the Vijayanagara commander Kumara Kampana after completing his conquest of Madurai, rebuilt the pre-existing structure and built defensive walls around the temple in the 14th century. Lakana Nayakar added the defensive walls around the first prakara (courtyard), as well as expanded and renovated the Mahamandapa and Meenakshi shrine in the middle of the 15th century.[16][42]
After the destruction of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire in the late 16th century by a coalition of Islamic Deccan sultanates north of Karnataka, the Madurai region declared its sovereignty. Visvanatha Nayak then poured resources to heavily fortify the temple complex, and set a new plan for the temple complex. The Nayaka ruler also gilded the vimana of the primary shrines with gold. Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram, as well as the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus Tank, the second protective wall around the Meenakshi Devi's shrine.[16][42]
The shrines of Meenakshi temple are embedded inside three walled enclosures and each of these have four gateways, the outer tower growing larger and reaching higher to the corresponding inner one. The temple has 14gopurams, the tallest of which is the southern tower, which rises to over 170 ft (52 m) and was rebuilt in the late 16th century. The oldestgopuram is the eastern one (I on plan), built byMaravarman Sundara Pandyan during 1216–1238.[69] Eachgopuram is a multi-storeyed structure, covered with sculpture painted in bright hues. The outergopurams are high pyramidal tower serving as a landmark sign for arriving pilgrims, while the innergopuram are smaller and serve as the entrance gateways to various shrines.[37][70]
The temple complex has 4 nine-storey gopurams (outer, raja), 1 seven-storey gopuram (Chittirai), 5 five-storey gopurams, 2 three-storey, and 2 one-storey gold-gilded sanctum towers.[71] Of these, five are gateways to the Sundareshvara shrine and three to the Meenakshi shrine. The towers are covered with stucco images, some of whom are deity figures and others are figures from Hindu mythology, saints or scholars. Each group or sets of panels in each storey present an episode from regional or pan-Hindu legend. The four tallest gopurams on the outer walls alone depict nearly 4,000 mythological stories.[42][71]
Some of the major gopurams of the Meenakshi temple complex are:[16][42]
The Meenakshi temple has two separate shrines for the goddess Meenakshi (Parvati, Devi, Amman) and god Sundaresvara (Shiva, Deva, Cuvami), just like most Shaiva temples.[74] Both are open to the east. The Devi shrine is on the south side (B), while the Deva shrine is more centrally placed, to the north (A), thus placing the goddess as thepradhana murti or the "more important" right side within the complex.[74]
The goddess shrine has the green stone image of Meenakshi, standing in bent-leg posture. Her raised hand holds a lotus, on which sits a green parrot. Her left hand hangs by her side. This image is set in a squaregarbha griya (central sanctum). A copy of this image has been made from metal and is kept in the temple complex. The metal version is used for a festive procession.[74] A distinct feature of Meenakshi in terms of iconography is the presence of parrot in her right hand. The parrot is generally associated with theSri VaishnavaAlvarAndal.[75]
The Sundareswarar shrine has a stone linga in its square plan sanctum, and this anicon is shaded under a stone cobra hood. In the northeast corner is another stone image of his consort. None of these travel during a festive procession. Rather, Sundareswarar is represented in the form of anthropomorphic Somaskanda image.[74] There is another metal symbolic image of Shiva called the Cokkar, which is merely a pair of embossed feet on a metal stool. This symbol is kept near Sundareswarar sanctum all day, then carried in apalaki daily to Meenakshi's chamber every evening so that the two can symbolically spend the night together. In the morning, the temple volunteers wake the divine couple and the symbolic Cokkar image is carried back to the Sundareswarar sanctum.[74]
The shrine for Sundareswarar[note 2] is the largest within the complex and its entrance is aligned with the eastern gopuram. The shrine for Meenakshi is smaller, though theologically more important. Both the Meenakshi and Sundareswarar shrines have gold platedVimanam (tower over sanctum). The golden top can be seen from a great distance in the west through the apertures of two successive towers. The tall sculpture ofGanesh carved of single stone located outside the Sundareswarar shrine in the path from Meenakshi shrine is called theMukuruny Vinayakar. A large measure of rice measuring threekurini (a measure) is shaped into a big ball of sacrifice[77] and hence the Ganesh is calledMukkurni Vinayagar (threekurinis).[69]
Kumara Kampana, states theThirupanimalai text, donated jewels and made grants to cover the expenses for daily operations of the two shrines in the 14th century.[42] The Tamil Hindus who had hidden the temple idols in Nanjil Nadu, brought them back and reconsecrated them ending the nearly five decades era when the temple had been closed under the Madurai Sultanate rule. The temple inscriptions suggest that the Vijayanagara rulers participated worship ceremonies in the temple and donated gold, through the 16th century. Lakana Nayakar built thePaliarai (bed chamber) in the mid 15th century for the icon goddess and god to symbolically spend their night together. The Nataraja shrine was also added in the 15th century by Arulalan Sevahadevan Vanathirayan, who also renovated the Thiruvalavaudaiyar shrine.[16][42]
The temple has other shrines, such as forMurugan in the northwest corner of the second courtyard. It was built by Krishnappa Nayakar II.[10]
The Nayakas, who were the local governors for the Vijayanagara rulers, expanded the temple complex. In 1516, Saluvanarasana Nayaka added the sacred pool for pilgrims to take a dip, naming it Ezhukadal (seven seas, Saptasaharam).[16][42] Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus Tank, as well as Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram.[78]
The sacred temple tank is calledPorthamarai Kulam ("Pond with the golden lotus"). It is also referred to as Adhi Theertham, Sivaganga and Uthama Theertham. The pool is 165 ft (50 m) by 120 ft (37 m) in size.[79] The pool walls were painted with frescoes. Only a fraction of 17th- and 18th-century paintings of Nayak period survives and one such portion is found in the small portico on the western side of the tank. It depicts the marriage of Sundareswarar and Meenkashi attended by Vijayaranga Chokkanatha and Rani Mangammal. The painting is executed on a vivid red background, with delicate black linework and large areas of white, green and ochre. The celestial couple is seated inside an architectural frame with a flowering tree in the background.[80]
The small six-pillared swing mandapam (Unjal) was built by Cheventhi Murthi Chetti during this period, and this remains in use currently for a Friday ritual and it also houses the model of the entire temple complex created in 1985.[78]
The temple complex has many mandapas (pillared-halls) built by kings and wealthy patrons over the centuries. They arechoultry, or a place for the pilgrims to rest. Some of these mandapas include:[16][81]
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The mandapas also feature community gathering halls. The Kanaka Sabha and Ratna Sabha are in the first prahara, Rajata Sabha in Velliambalam, Deva Sabha in the 100-pillared mandapam and Chitra Sabha in the 1000-pillared mandapam.[94]
Along with these, there are statues of King Thirumalai Naicker with his wives within the temple complex.
The wedding ofMeenakshi and Sundaresvara is a symbolic paradigm for human marriage according to anthropologistChristopher Fuller.[95] This event is commemorated with an annual festive procession that falls sometime around April. The temple implies an affinal, protective relationship betweenShaivism andVaishnavism traditions of Hinduism, by making Shiva the husband of Meenakshi, and Vishnu her brother, a significant relationship in Dravidian kinship system.[95][96] Meenakshi herself is a central part of theShaktism tradition of Hinduism, and represented as the dominant figure of the pair in this temple. The temple thus symbolically celebrates all three of its major traditions.[97][98]
According to theTiruvilaiyatal Puranam, of the list of 68 pilgrimage places in Shaivism, four are most important: Kashi (Varanasi), Chidambaram, Tirukkalatti and Madurai. The sacrality of Madurai is from this temple.[99] The shrine of Sundareswarar is considered one of thePancha Sabhai (five courts),[100] where the Tamil Hindu tradition believes Shiva performedcosmic dance.[101] The Tamil wordvelli means silver andambalam means stage or altar.[102] This massive Nataraja sculpture is enclosed in a huge silver altar and hence called "Velli Ambalam" (silver abode).[103]
The Meenakshi temple is also an economic center. The goods and services for temple-related pilgrims and visitors are a significant part of the Madurai economy.[104]
The Meenakshi Amman temple is an active house of Hindu worship. Priests perform thepuja ceremonies on a daily basis and during festivals.[105] Volunteers and temple staff also participate in daily rituals, such as symbolically moving an icon of Sundaresvara in a palanquin to Meenakshi's chamber every night so that they can be together, then waking the two and returning Sundaresvara to his shrine every morning.[16] There are periodicratha (chariot) processions where one of the metal copy icon of the goddess is taken out of the temple in an elaborate car shrine decorated with colorful clothes and flowers, with volunteers pulling the car through the streets of Madurai and circumambulating the temple complex on one of the concentric roads in the old city. This symbolizes her mythical conquests and her presence in the secular life of the people.[16]
The temple has a six time pooja calendar everyday, each comprising four rituals namelyabhisheka (sacred bath),alankaram (decoration),naivedanam (food offerings[note 3]) anddeepa aradanai (lamp ceremony) for both Meenakshi and Sundareswarar.[107] The rituals and festivals are accompanied with music withnadhaswaram (pipe instrument) andtavil (percussion instrument), recitation of theVedas.[105]
The Hindus generally circumambulate the shrines clockwise first before entering the shrine for adarshana. Meenakshi is typically visited before Sundareswarar by the pilgrims, she considered the primary deity of the complex. Like most Shakti temples in Tamil Nadu, the Fridays during the Tamil months ofAadi (July–August) andThai (January–February) are celebrated in the temple by thousands of devotees. "Avani Moola Utsavam" is a 10-day festival mainly devoted to Sundareswarar describes his variousThiruvilayadal meaning Shiva's sacred games.
The Meenakshi temple hosts a festival in each month of the Tamil calendar. Some festivals attract significant participation, with the Meenakshi wedding-related festival attracting over a million people over 12 days. It is called the "Meenakshi Thirukalyanam". The festival is celebrated in the Chithirai month, which typically falls about April. It marks the divine marriage of Meenakshi, and is the most attended festival.[108] Thewedding of the divine couple is regarded as a classic instance of south Indian marriage with matrilineal emphasis, an arrangement referred as "Madurai marriage". This contrasts with the "Chidambaram marriage", with patrilineal emphasis, reflected by Shiva's dominance, ritual and mythology at theShiva temple of Chidhambaram.[109] The festival includes a procession, where Meenakshi and Sundareshwara travel in a chariot pulled by volunteer devotees, and Vishnu gives away his sister in marriage to Shiva. Meenakshi, the bride, is the royal monarch.[110] During the one-month period, there are a number of events including the "Ther Thiruvizhah" (chariot festival) and "Theppa Thiruvizhah" (float festival).
_on_Festival_of_Lights_-_Navarathri_01.JPG)
Other festivals include the Vasantham festival is celebrated in Vaikasi month. The Unjal Festival in Aani, the Mulai-Kottu festival in Aadi, the Aavani Moolam Aavani, the Kolattam festivals of Ayppasi and Karthikai months, the Arudhra Dharsan festival of Margali month, the Thai month utsavam that co-celebrated with the Mariyamman temple in Madurai, the Masi utsavam and Vasamtham utsavam in Panguni.[71][105]
In the Tamil month of Purattasi, the temple celebrates theNavarathri festival, also known as Dasara or Dussehra elsewhere. During this autumn festival, the temple complex is lit up at night with garlands of lights and with colourful displays during the day. The mandapam halls display mythological scenes from Hindu texts usinggolu dolls. These displays are particularly popular with children, and families visit the displays in large numbers.[111][112][113]
Over the centuries, the temple has been a centre of education of culture, literature, art, music and dance.[6]
The temple is where Tamil tradition believesSambandar helped establish Tamil Shiva bhakti.[further explanation needed][114]
Kumaraguruparar, a 17th-century Tamil poet, composedMeenakshi Pillaitamil in praise of the deity of this temple.[115][116]
Shyama Shastri, one of theTrinity of Carnatic music, composed a set of nineTelugu songs in praise of Meenakshi of Madurai, which are referred to asNavaratnamalika(Garland of nine gems).[117] According to legend, when Sastri sang these songs in front of the deity the goddess responded visibly.[how?][117]
Sri Meenakshi Temple (Pearland, Texas)
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