Medieval archaeology is the study of humankind through itsmaterial culture, specialising in the period of the EuropeanMiddle Ages. At its broadest, the period stretches from the 5th to the 16th century and refers to post-Roman but pre-modern remains. The period covers the upheaval caused by theFall of the Western Roman Empire and cultures such as theVikings, theSaxons, and theFranks.Archaeologists often specialise in studying either theEarly Middle Ages (Migration Period) or theHigh Middle Ages andLate Middle Ages, although many projects and professionals move across these chronological boundaries. The rich nature of the medieval written record means that archaeology has often been seen as the "handmaiden to history",[1] especially in the Late Middle Ages. Analysis of material culture may enrich or call into question written evidence from the medieval period and the two sources of evidence need to be used together. Medieval archaeology has examined the development of medieval settlements, particularly the development of medieval towns, monasteries, andcastles. It has also contributed to understanding of the spread and development ofChristian monasticism during the medieval period.
In 1878,Augustus Pitt Rivers led excavations atFolkestone Castle in Kent that have been characterised as "the first ever scientific excavation of a medieval site".[2]
The Society for Medieval Archaeology (United Kingdom) was founded in 1957. To celebrate its 50th anniversary, several publications examined the history of the society and the sub-discipline.[3][4] Christopher Gerrard's 2003 bookMedieval Archaeology also charts the move in the United Kingdom from antiquarianism, through Victorian medievalism, on to the emergence of medieval archaeology as a sub-discipline in the 20th century.[5] Michel de Boüard, theUniversity of Caen,Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes, and thePolish Academy of Sciences were instrumental in establishing medieval archaeology as a field in France in the second half of the 20th century.[6]
The study of medieval archaeology often focuses on specific kinds of settlement pattern.
Pattern of medieval rural settlements are often quite different from modern time villages. This is true in terms of architecture, outline of the settlements and social structure.
There is a broad spectrum of pre-urban and urban settlements in the Middle Ages (e.g. early medieval trading places at the Northern Sea and the Baltic Sea, former Roman cities and town foundations of the late Middle Ages).
An important field of research is urban archaeology in still existing towns, which is determined by rescue archaeology.
Castles are medieval fortified structures.
In the United Kingdom, theDissolution of the Monasteries left many monastic sites abandoned. Where monasteries have survived or been converted for other uses, "buildings archaeology" has also been applied to study their history. Medieval monasteries often held large estates and the study of monastic landscapes is an area of specialised research.[7] There have been two main waves of research in medieval monastic and church archaeology: 1970-1995 and 1995-present. The first wave was influenced by landscape history and processual archaeology; scholarship focused principally on historical, economic and technological questions and targeted individual sites and monuments for study. The second wave has been informed by post-processual approaches and considers change and complexity in religious landscapes and perspectives on religious space, embodiment and agency.[8]
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