Themass media inIndonesia consist of several different types of communications media:television,radio,cinema,newspapers,magazines, andInternet-basedwebsites.
Media freedom inIndonesia increased considerably after the end of PresidentSuharto's rule, during which theMinistry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media and restricted foreign media. Long suppressed and harassed by theNew Order, the Indonesian press is now among the freest and liveliest in Asia.[1] The trend toward somewhat greater pluralism and openness had begun in the late New Order, when the regime allowed the founding of a number of new television and radio stations.[1] The television stations all had to beJakarta-based at first.[1]
Many of the new television stations enjoyedpenetration rates of around 70 to 75 percent of the population within a few years.[1] Although the television licenses were all given to various Suharto family members,cronies, and other wealthy conglomerates, competition for advertising revenue and a large potential national audience meant that some of these stations were tempted to push the boundaries, especially regarding the ban on news programs other than those produced by the then state-runTelevisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI).[1]
These stations were very lucrative, so it became difficult for the regime to punish its own cronies by shutting down a station if it crossed the line by broadcasting independently produced news.[1]Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV) andRajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI) news programs, in particular, were very popular with viewers across the country as an alternative, albeit still relatively tame, to the stultifying TVRI.[1]
In 2003 the authorities reported that more than 2,000 illegal TV and radio stations were broadcasting across the country.[citation needed] The government urged them to apply for licenses, or face closure.[citation needed]
The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998.[citation needed] There are hundreds of new magazines, newspapers, and tabloids.[citation needed] More than 50 principal daily newspapers are published throughout the archipelago, the majority in Java.[1] Those with the largest readership areKompas (Jakarta), circulation of 523,000;Suara Merdeka (Semarang), circulation of 200,000;Berita Buana (Jakarta), circulation of 150,000;Pikiran Rakyat (Bandung), circulation of 150,000; andSinar Indonesia Baru (Medan), also with a circulation of 150,000.[1]
The largest English-language dailies, both published in Jakarta with print runs of 40,000, are theJakarta Post and theJakarta Globe.[1] As of 2003, newspapers have a penetration rate of 8.6 percent.[2] The principal weekly news magazines areTempo, which also produces an English-language edition, andGatra.[1] All of these newspapers and magazines have online editions as well.[1]
Several leading Indonesian newspaper such asKompas can be obtained at digital newspaper printing services in several foreign countries. Some large newspapers also use remote digital printing to solve the distribution problems in remote areas in Indonesia.[citation needed]
ANTARA is the national news agency of Indonesia. Formerly under the Department of Information, it is currently organized as astatutory corporation under theMinistry of State Owned Enterprises.
TheNational Press Monument inSurakarta,Central Java has a collection of over a million newspapers and magazines,[3] as well as a variety of exhibitions and artefacts related to the history of the press in Indonesia.
Beforethe reform, radio was regulated by the government through Directorate General of Radio, Television, and Film of the Department of Information.[1] Radio is currently regulated by the independentIndonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) for content matters as well as theMinistry of Communication and Information Technology for frequency matters. There are about 3,000 live radio stations throughout Indonesia, but only a few broadcast nationally.[4]
Examples includeSonora andPrambors in the nation's capital,Radio Istara inSurabaya,Swaragama inYogyakarta, andGlobal FM Bali inDenpasar.[4] Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters can supply programmes.[citation needed]
Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) is the public radio network of Indonesia. It hasa national news network, as well as regional stations in major cities throughout the country.Voice of Indonesia is its division for overseas broadcasting.
There are now also several digital radio stations in Jakarta and Surabaya, based onDigital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and HybridHD-Radio (IBOC).[citation needed] There are also several Indonesian radio stations that stream live on the internet.
Like the radio, before the reform era television broadcasting was also regulated by the government through Directorate General of Radio, Television, and Film of the Department of Information,[1] but currently regulated by the KPI for content matters as well as the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for frequency matters. Television and radio traditionally have been dominated by government networks, but private commercial channels have been emerging since the introduction of RCTI in the Jakarta area in 1988.[4] By early in the new century, the improved communications system had brought television signals to every village in the country, and most Indonesians could choose from 11 channels.[4]
In addition to the public broadcasterTVRI, which operated three national channels, there were dozens of national private channels, the best known areIndosiar, RCTI, SCTV,Metro TV, andTrans7.[4] Some channels have a specific orientation, for instance,Global TV, which initially offered broadcasts fromMTV Indonesia, andMNCTV (formerly Indonesian Educational Television, or TPI) which originally carried only educational programming but expanded into quiz programs, sports, reality shows, and other popular entertainment.[4] There were also 54 local television stations in 2009, such asBali TV inBali,Jak TV in Jakarta, and Pacific TV (nowKompas TV Manado) inManado.[4]
In 2016, 88 million Indonesians used the Internet, of which 93% used smartphones, 5% tablets and 11% computers. Broadband reached 8% of the households.[5]
Since the transition to democracy, thousands of new print publications and radio stations have started up across the country, and more television broadcasters, including regional stations, have licenses.[1] The government cannot revoke these publishing and broadcasting licenses based on what the outlets write and say.[1] PresidentAbdurrahman Wahid further weakened the government's ability to control the media when he abolished the Ministry of Information at the outset of his administration.[1]
The censorship board for motion pictures (Film Censorship Board,Lembaga Sensor Film) remained in existence, however, mainly to police "public morality" (nudity, sexuality) rather than political statements, and PresidentMegawati Sukarnoputri reestablished the information-matter ministry into Ministry of Communication and Informatics on her ascension to power.[1]
In the absence of significant government repression, spuriousdefamation lawsuits by private individuals have become the principal means of stifling media scrutiny.[1] The most prominent of these cases involved businessmanTomy Winata, who suedTempo editor-in-chiefBambang Harymurti.[1] Harymurti was convicted and given a one-year prison sentence, which theSupreme Court overturned.[1]
As of 2018, foreign journalists still require permission from the government to visitPapua.[6]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
