Themass media in Azerbaijan refers tomass media outlets based in the Republic ofAzerbaijan. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend onadvertising,subscription, and other sales-related revenues.
The History of Azerbaijani media and press has several stages:[1] the press published under tsar Russian rule which starts from 1832 and lasts until 1917, the press during theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic which covers 1918–1920, the press during theSoviet Union from 1920 to 1991, emigration press, and the press since independence to the present day.[2]
The history of the firstAzerbaijani media dates back to 1875 when "Akinchi" ("Əkinçi" in the original, meaning "Cultivator", "Farmworker") was first published byHasan Bey Zardabi.[3] The peculiarity of the journal was that it was the first ever published media inAzerbaijani.[4][5] Azerbaijani people have struggled a lot to have their national press, mainly because in late 19th century the cultural relations between states grew significantly in parallel with economic and political relations. As a consequence, educated people of Azerbaijan were remarkably influenced by circumstances going on at the time in Russia, Iran, and somewhat European countries and were encouraged to establish a local and national newspaper to express what was going on in the country. This, however, was not an easy task: Azerbaijan was under Russian control and the oppression was stricter than ever, so it was hard to reflect the circumstances happening at the time due tocensorship. Hasan Bey Zardabi and his colleagues chose a different path to deal with the problem: they used a very simple language peculiar to working class and mainlysatire to avoid censorship.[5] The main goal of the journal, however, was completely different. Hasan Bey said in one of the issues of the journal that "the press in the region should be as a mirror".[6] Due to Russian pressure, "Akinchi" had to stop publishing and it had overall 56 issues during those two years from 22 July 1875 to 29 September 1877. It was published twice a month with the circulation ranging from 300 to 400.
The second stage in the development of the national press is the press duringDemocratic Republic of Azerbaijan. The government during that period adopted rules about the modernization of the press and printed media in general. For example, with the new rule adopted on October 30, 1919, the establishment of press, lithography and other similar foundations, in addition, the publishing and the sale of press materials became free. The newly established government issued a decree on November 9, 1918, abolishing the government control over mass media. Approximately 100 newspapers and journals were published inAzerbaijani,Russian,Georgian,Jewish,Polish andPersian at the time. The main examples of the press of the time are "Molla Nəsrəddin", "İstiqlal", "Azərbaycan", "Açıq söz", "İqbal", "Dirilik", "Təkamül", "Mədəniyyət", "Qurtuluş" which were the forerunners of nationalist ideas.[7]
When "Iskra" published in December 1900, the new type of press was established in Azerbaijan. It was the first newspaper created to spreadbolshevik ideas in Azerbaijan. In October 1904, the first-ever social-democratic press "Hummat" was secretly published in Azerbaijani language with a group of social-democrats includingMammad Amin Rasulzadeh,Meshadi Azizbekov,Nariman Narimanov,Sultan Majid Afandiyev,Prokofy Dzhaparidze.
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The legislative framework onfreedom of speech andaccess to information include theConstitution of Azerbaijan, the Mass Media Law, and the Law on the Right to Obtain Information.
The norms onaccess to information (as well as others) have been amended after 2012. The amendments allow for-profit companies to withhold information on their registration, ownership, and structure, thus limiting the identification of the assets of politicians and public figures for privacy reasons.
Defamation remains a criminal offense in Azerbaijan and may be punished with large fines and up to 3 years in jail. "Disseminating information that damages the honor and dignity of the president" is a criminal offense (Article 106 of the Constitution and Article 323 of the Criminal Code), punishable by up to two years of prison - which may rise to five if in conjunction with other criminal charges. Since 2013, defamation laws apply to online contents too. The Azerbaijan Supreme Court has suggested that the norms on defamation are amended to be brought in line with ECHR standards.[8]
Print and broadcast media in Azerbaijan are mostly state-owned or subsidized by the government. Ownership opacity is backed by law. Azerbaijan hosts 9 national TV stations (of which a public service broadcaster and 3 more state-run channels), over 12 regional TV stations, 25 radio channels, over 30 daily newspapers.[9]
There are 3500 publication titles formally registered inAzerbaijan. The vast majority of them are published inAzerbaijani. The remaining 130 are published inRussian (70),English[10](50) and other languages (Turkish,French,German,Arabic,Persian,Armenian, etc.).[11]
Registered daily newspapers are more than 30. The most widely read are the criticalYeni Müsavat (qəzet) andAzadliq papers. In May 2014Zerkalo gave up on print publications due to financial losses. Azerbaijani newspapers can be split into more serious-minded newspapers, usually referred to asbroadsheets due to their large size, and sometimes known collectively as "thequality press".[12]
As of 2014, Azerbaijan has 9AM stations, 17FM stations, and one shortwave station. Additionally, there are approximately 4,350,000radios in existence.[9] Primary network provider is theMinistry of Communications and Information Technologies of Azerbaijan (MCIT). According to MCIT, the FM radio penetration rate is 97% according to 2014 data.[13]
There are three state-owned television channels:AzTV,Idman TV andMedeniyyet TV. One public channel and 6 private channels:Ictimai Television,ANS TV, Space TV,Lider TV,Azad Azerbaijan TV,Xazar TV andRegion TV.[9]
Azerbaijan has a total of 47television channels, of which 4 arepublic television channels and 43 areprivate television channels, of which 12 are national television channels and 31 regional television channels. According to the Ministry of Communications and Information Technologies of Azerbaijan (MCIT), the television penetration rate is 99% according to 2014 data.[13] The penetration rate ofcable television in Azerbaijan totaled 28.1% of households in 2013, from a study by theState Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic. Almost 39% of the cable television subscriber base is concentrated in major cities. The penetration rate is 59.1% in the city ofBaku.[14]
From 2010 to 2014, the Institute for Reporters' Freedom and Safety (IRFS) producedObyektiv TV, an online news channel with daily coverage onfreedom of expression andhuman rights.
The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898. In fact, Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved incinematography.[15] Therefore, it's not surprising that this apparatus soon showed up inBaku – at the start of the 20th century, this bay town on theCaspian was producing more than 50 percent of the world's supply of oil. Just like today, the oil industry attracted foreigners eager to invest and to work.[16]
In 1919, during theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic, a documentaryThe Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on Azerbaijan's Independence Day, 28 May, and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku.[17] After the Soviet power was established in 1920, Nariman Narimanov, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan, signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan's cinema. This also influenced the creation ofAzerbaijani animation.[17]
In 1991, after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union, the first Baku International Film Festival East-West was held in Baku. In December 2000, the former President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan. Today, Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920. Once again, both choice of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker.[15]
The Azerbaijaneconomy has been markedly stronger in recent years and, not surprisingly, the country has been making progress in developingICT sector. Nonetheless, it still faces problems. These include poor infrastructure and an immature telecom regulatory regime. TheMinistry of Communications and Information Technologies of Azerbaijan (MCIT), as well as being an operator through its role inAztelekom, is both a policy-maker and regulator.[13][18]
61% of the population of Azerbaijan had access to the internet in 2014, although this is mainly concentrated in Baku and other cities. Social networks as Facebook and Twitter are common and are used to share information and point of views.[19]
Azerbaijan's main media watchdogs were the Institute for Reporters' Freedom and Safety (IRFS) and the Media Rights Institute (MRI).
TheInternational Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), an international NGO working to reinforce independent media in Azerbaijan.
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Since the dissolution of the Ministry of Mass Media and Information, media regulation is carried out by two governing bodies. Azerbaijan Press Council (APC) is the self-regulatory authority of print media in the country. The National Television and Radio Council (NTRC) is the electronic media regulator of Azerbaijan. Its 9 members are appointed by the government, without limited terms (only 7 of them were active in 2014).
The Azerbaijani press has gone through the following phases: - Newspapers and magazines published under tsarist Russian rule (1832-1917); - Printed organs published during the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (1918-1920); - Printed publications of the Soviet era (1920-1991); - Emigrants' press; - Publications printed since the restoration of independence (from 1991 to the present).
Mətbuat tariximizin dövriləşmə konsepsiyasına daha dəqiq və geniş yanaşmanı BDU-nun tarix və ideoloji iş metodları kafedrasının tədris proqramında görmək mümkündür. Beş mərhələdən ibarət olan mətbuat tarixinin xronoloji çərçivəsi bu şəkildə müəyyənləşdirilib: 1. "Əkinçi"yə qədərki hazırlıq dövrü. 2. Azərbaycan milli mətbuatının və jurnalistika sisteminin yaranması(1875-1917) 3. AXC dövrü mətbuatı və jurnalistikası (1918-1920) 4. Sovet dövrü Azərbaycan jurnalistikası (1920-1991) 5. Müasir Azərbaycan jurnalistikası (1991 - hazırkı dövrədək)
'Ekinchi' was the first national Azerbaijani-language newspaper. It first appeared in Baku on 22 July 1875. Undoubtedly, this very fact was a significant event in the public, political and spiritual life of the Azerbaijani people. The creation of a national newspaper is the strongest indication of the national existence of any people and is an important condition for progress and evolution. It is to Hasan bey Zardabi's credit that he took the first practical step along this very difficult path. There is no doubt at all that by its very existence, 'Ekinchi', considered to be the "first swallow" of the Azerbaijani press, gave a powerful impetus to the formation of a national press.
'Ekinchi' was the first national Azerbaijani-language newspaper. It first appeared in Baku on 22 July 1875. Undoubtedly, this very fact was a significant event in the public, political and spiritual life of the Azerbaijani people. The creation of a national newspaper is the strongest indication of the national existence of any people and is an important condition for progress and evolution. It is to Hasan bey Zardabi's credit that he took the first practical step along this very difficult path. There is no doubt at all that by its very existence, 'Ekinchi', considered to be the "first swallow" of the Azerbaijani press, gave a powerful impetus to the formation of a national press.
The language and style of the Azerbaijani press began with 'Ekinchi'. Now, when reading old editions of the newspaper, you cannot but be amazed by the language of Hasan bey and like-minded people: they wrote simply, in a clear and pure mother tongue accessible to a broad section of the population.
In comments on the main goal and tasks of 'Ekinchi', Hasan bey himself said in one of the first issues of the newspaper: "The newspaper in every region should be a mirror of that region. This means that the paper should publish things done by that region's residents, things they need, a summary, every one of their problems and requests, so that anyone looking at the newspaper can see the people as in a mirror."
Azərbaycan hökuməti və parlamenti mətbuat və nəşriyyat işinin də dövrün tələblərinə uyğun qurulması üçün bir sıra qərarlar qəbul etdi. Məsələn, parlamentin 1919-cu il 30 oktyabr tarixli qərarında mətbuat, litoqrafiya və buna bənzər müəssisələrin açılmasının, çap məhsulunun nəşrinin və satılmasının azad olduğu bildirilirdi. Hökumətin 1918-ci il 9 noyabr tarixli sərəncamı ilə kütləvi informasiya vasitələri üzərində dövlət nəzarəti ləğv edilmişdi. İki il ərzində Azərbaycan türkcəsində, rus, gürcü, yəhudi, polyak, fars dillərində təxminən 100 adda qəzet və jurnal çıxmışdır. "Molla Nəsrəddin", "İstiqlal", "Azərbaycan", "Açıq söz", "İqbal", "Dirilik", "Təkamül", "Mədəniyyət", "Qurtuluş" kimi mətbu orqanlar milli ideyaların carçısı idi. Təsadüfi deyildir ki, o dövrdə Azərbaycanda söz, mətbuat və vicdan azadlığı yüksək səviyyəyə çatmışdı. Cümhuriyyətin əvvəlcə Ukraynada, daha sonra Türkiyədə səfiri olan Yusif Vəzir Çəmənzəminli "Bu gün yazıçıya nə gərəkdir?" sualına cavabında müasir dövrümüzlə səsləşən "Dil azadlığı, qələm azadlığı" cavabını vermişdi.
