| May Day | |
|---|---|
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| Type | Cultural |
| Significance | European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning ofsummer |
| Celebrations | Raising and decoratingMaypoles, decorating buildings with green branches and flowers, crowning aMay Queen,Jack in the Green,bonfires, feasting, dancing, singing, processions |
| Date | May 1 |
May Day is a European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning of summer, usually celebrated onMay 1, around halfway between theNorthern Hemisphere'sspring equinox andmidsummersolstice.[1][2] Festivities may also be held the night before, known asMay Eve. Traditions include gathering green branches and wildflowers ("bringing in the May"),[3] which are used to decorate buildings and made intowreaths; crowning aMay Queen, sometimes with amale companion decked in greenery; setting up aMaypole, May Tree, or May Bush, around which people dance and sing; as well as parades and processions involving these.[4]Bonfires are also a major part of the festival in some regions. Regional varieties and related traditions includeWalpurgis Night in central and northern Europe,[1] theGaelic festivalBeltane,[5] theWelsh festivalCalan Mai,[5] andMay devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary. It has also been associated with theancient Roman festivalFloralia.[6]
International Workers' Day observed on 1 May is also called "May Day", but the two have different histories.
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The earliest known May celebrations appeared with theFloralia, festival of Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, held from 27 April to 3 May during theRoman Republic era, and theMaiouma orMaiuma, a festival celebratingDionysus andAphrodite held every three years during the month of May.[7] TheFloralia opened with theatrical performances. In theFloralia,Ovid says thathares andgoats were released as part of the festivities.Persius writes that crowds were pelted withvetches,beans, andlupins. A ritual called theFlorifertum was performed on either 27 April or 3 May,[8][9] during which a bundle of wheat ears was carried into a shrine, though it is not clear if this devotion was made to Flora orCeres.[10][11]Floralia concluded withcompetitive events and spectacles, and a sacrifice to Flora.[12]
Maiouma was celebrated at least as early as the 2nd century AD, when records show expenses for the month-long festival were appropriated by EmperorCommodus.[13] According to the 6th-century chronicles ofJohn Malalas, theMaiouma was a "nocturnal dramatic festival, held every three years and known as Orgies, that is, the Mysteries ofDionysus andAphrodite" and that it was "known as theMaioumas because it is celebrated in the month of May-Artemisios". During this time, enough money was set aside by the government for torches, lights, and other expenses to cover a 30-day festival of "all-night revels."[14] TheMaiouma was celebrated with splendorous banquets and offerings. Its reputation for licentiousness caused it to be suppressed during the reign of EmperorConstantine, though a less debauched version of it was briefly restored during the reigns ofArcadius andHonorius, only to be suppressed again during the same period.[13]
During the Middle Ages, May Eve was celebrated in much of northern Europe with the lighting of bonfires at night.[15] In theGermanic countries, this becameWalpurgis Night, commemorating the official canonization ofSaint Walpurga on 1 May 870.[15] It continued the tradition of lighting bonfires.[15] FolkloristJack Santino says "Her day and its traditions almost certainly are traceable to pre-Christian celebrations that took place at this time".[16] InGaelic culture, 1 May was the celebration ofBeltaine orCétshamhain, while for theWelsh it wasCalan Mai orCyntefin.[17] First attested in 900 AD, the celebration mainly focused on the symbolic use of fire to bless cattle and other livestock as they were moved to summer pastures. This custom continued into the early 19th century, during which time cattle would be made to jump over fires to protect their milk from being stolen byfairies. People would also leap over the fires for luck.[18]
Since the 18th century, many Roman Catholics have observed May – and May Day – with variousMay devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary.[19] In works of art, school skits, and so forth, Mary's head will often be adorned with flowers in aMay crowning. 1 May is also one of two feast days of the Catholic patron saint of workersSt Joseph the Worker, a carpenter, husband toMother Mary, and foster father ofJesus.[20] Replacing another feast to St. Joseph, this date was chosen byPope Pius XII in 1955 as a counterpoint to the communistInternational Workers' Day celebrations on May Day.[20]
The best known modern May Day traditions, observed both in Europe and North America, include dancing around themaypole and crowning theQueen of May. Fading in popularity since the late 20th century is the tradition of giving of "May baskets", small baskets of sweets or flowers, usually left anonymously on neighbours' doorsteps.
In the late 20th century, manyneopagans began reconstructing some of the older pagan festivals and combining them with more recently developed European secular and Catholic traditions, and celebrating May Day as a pagan religious festival.[21]
In rural regions of Germany, especially theHarz Mountains,Walpurgisnacht celebrations are traditionally held on the night before May Day, includingbonfires and the wrapping of aMaibaum (maypole). Young people use this opportunity to party, while the day itself is used by many families to get some fresh air. Motto: "Tanz in den Mai" ("Dance into May").
In theRhineland, 1 May is also celebrated by the delivery of a maypole, a tree covered in streamers to the house of a girl the night before. The tree is typically from a love interest, though a tree wrapped only in white streamers is a sign of dislike. Women usually place roses or rice in the form of a heart at the house of their beloved one. It is common to stick the heart to a window or place it in front of the doormat. Inleap years, it is the responsibility of the women to place the maypole. All the action is usually done secretly and it is an individual's choice whether to give a hint of their identity or stay anonymous.
InThe Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, SirJames George Frazer reported May Day customs inTyrol during the 19th century. It was a time for banishing evil powers from the community. On the last three days of April, all houses were fumigated withjuniper andrue incense. At sunset on May Day, the people held a ceremony they called "burning out the witches". The church bells were rung and people made as much noise as possible by shouting, banging pots and pans, ringing bells and cracking whips. Men carried lighted bundles of herbs fasted on poles, while women carriedcensers. Then they would run seven times round the houses and the village, so that the witches would be "smoked out of their lurking-places and driven away".[22]
In Sweden, there are bonfires and outdoor celebrations on May Eve orWalpurgis Night ("Valborgsmässoafton") in the evening of 30 April. Most of the traditions associated elsewhere with May Day are held atMidsummer instead; such asMaypole dancing.
Up until the 19th century, on May Day itself, there were mock battles between Summer and Winter. SirJames George Frazer wrote inThe Golden Bough (1911):[23]
on May Day two troops of young men on horseback used to meet as if for mortal combat. One of them was led by a representative of Winter clad in furs, who threw snowballs and ice in order to prolong the cold weather. The other troop was commanded by a representative of Summer covered with fresh leaves and flowers. In the sham fight which followed the party of Summer came off victorious, and the ceremony ended with a feast
In Ireland, May Day has long been celebrated as the festival ofBealtaine. It marks the beginning of summer and historically was when cattle weredriven out to the summer pastures. Rituals were performed to protect cattle, people and crops, and to encourage growth. Special bonfires were kindled, whose flames, smoke and ashes were deemed to have protective powers. The people and their cattle would walk around or between bonfires, and sometimes leap over the flames or embers. All household fires would be doused and then re-lit from the Bealtaine bonfire. These gatherings would be accompanied by a feast, and some of the food and drink would be offered to theaos sí, the 'spirits' or 'fairies'. Doors, windows, byres and cattle would be decorated with yellow May flowers, perhaps because they evoked fire. In parts of Ireland, people would make a May Bush: typically a thorn bush or branch decorated with flowers, ribbons, bright shells and rushlights.Holy wells were also visited, while Bealtainedew was thought to bring beauty and maintain youthfulness.
For almost two centuries, the Dublin suburb ofFinglas was well known for its "May Games" and its maypole "was one of the last to survive in Dublin", according to historian Michael J. Tutty.[24]
Throughout the eighteenth century, the Finglas maypole was at the centre of a week of festivity which included "the playing of games, various competitions, and, according to one account the crowning of 'Queen of the May'."[24] In a letter written byMajor Sirr on 2 May 1803 (shortly after the turbulent1798 Rebellion), he writes:
Godfrey and I went to Finglass and found everything in order. Major Wilkinson, who resides, there, waited upon me... and told me there was not the smallest occasion for military aid nor was there the least possibility of any disturbance... I ordered the guard to return to Dublin and these gentlemen and their families seemed quite rejoiced that the old custom of Maying was not to be interrupted in Finglass where that amusement has been kept up for a century past without ever being curbed before.[24]
Public celebrations of Bealtaine fell out of popularity by the 20th century and many old traditions are no longer widely observed. The tradition of a May Bush was reported as being suppressed by law and the magistrates inDublin in the 18th century.[25] The tradition of lighting bonfires has survived in parts of the country,[26] and other traditions continue to be revived as local cultural events.
May Day has been celebrated inScotland for centuries. It was previously closely associated with theBeltane festival.[27] Reference to this earlier celebration is found in poem 'Peblis to the Play', contained in theMaitland Manuscripts of 15th- and 16th-century Scots poetry:
At Beltane, quhen ilk bodie bownis
To Peblis to the Play,
To heir the singin and the soundis;
The solace, suth to say,
Be firth and forrest furth they found
Thay graythis tham full gay;
God wait that wald they do that stound,
For it was their feast day the day they celebrate May Day,
Thay said, [...]
The poem describes the celebration in the town ofPeebles in theScottish Borders, which continues to stage a parade and pageant each year, including the annual 'Common Riding', which takes place in many towns throughout the Borders. As well as the crowning of a Beltane Queen each year, it is custom to sing 'The Beltane Song'.[28]
John Jamieson, in hisEtymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1808) describes some of the May Day/Beltane customs which persisted in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in parts of Scotland, which he noted were beginning to die out.[29] In the nineteenth century, folkloristAlexander Carmichael (1832–1912), collected the songAm Beannachadh Bealltain (The Beltane Blessing) in hisCarmina Gadelica, which he heard from acrofter inSouth Uist.[28]
Scottish May Day/Beltane celebrations have been somewhat revived since the late twentieth century. BothEdinburgh andGlasgow organise May Day festivals and rallies. InEdinburgh, theBeltane Fire Festival is held on the evening of May eve and into the early hours of May Day on the city'sCalton Hill. An older Edinburgh tradition has it that young women who climbArthur's Seat and wash their faces in the morning dew will have lifelong beauty. At theUniversity of St Andrews, some of the students gather on the beach late on 30 April and run into theNorth Sea at sunrise on May Day, occasionally naked. This is accompanied by torchlit processions and much elated celebration.
In Wales, the first day of May is known asCalan Mai orCalan Haf, and parallels the festival of Beltane and other May Day traditions in Europe.
Traditions would start the night before (Nos Galan Haf) with bonfires, and is considered aYsbrydnos orspirit night when people would gatherhawthorn (draenen wen) and flowers to decorate their houses, celebrating new growth and fertility. While on May Day celebrations would include summer dancing (dawnsio haf) and May carols (carolau mai orcarolau haf) othertimes referred to as "singing under the wall" (canu dan y pared), May Day was also a time for officially opening a village green (twmpath chwarae).
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Traditional English May Dayrites andcelebrations include crowning aMay Queen and celebrations involving amaypole, around which dancers often circle with ribbons.Morris dancing is also often performed as part of May Day celebrations.[30] The earliest records of maypole celebrations date to the 14th century, and by the 15th century the maypole tradition was well established in southern Britain.[18]
On 1 May 1515,Henry VIII andCatherine of Aragon rode fromGreenwich Palace to have breakfast in an arbour constructed in a wood atShooter's Hill. Catherine and her ladies were dressed in Spanish-style riding gear, Henry was in green velvet. The royal guard appeared in disguise asRobin Hood and his men. There was a pageant chariot or car with Lady May and Lady Flora, followed by amasque and dancing. The chronicle writerEdward Hall recorded the event as a "Maying".[31]
WriterPhilip Stubbs described English May Day celebrations in the 1580s, involving a particularly large Maypole:
"They have twenty or forty yoke of oxen, every ox having a sweetnosegay of flowers tied to the tip of its horns, and these oxen draw home this maypole ... which is covered all over with flowers and herbs, bound about with strings, from the top to the bottom, and sometimes painted with variable colours, with two or three hundred men, women and children following it with great devotion. And thus being reared up, with handkerchiefs and flags streaming at the top, they strew the ground around about, bind green boughs about it, set up summer halls,bowers and arbours hard by it. And then they fall to banquet and feast, to leap and dance about it".[32]
Another prominent English May Day custom isJack in the Green, an English folkloric figure who parades through the streets on May Day, accompanied by musicians, beggars, and various other characters.[33]
May Day was abolished and its celebration banned byPuritan parliaments during theInterregnum, but reinstated with therestoration ofCharles II in 1660.[34]
Traditional celebrations continue in some places, some with unbroken records (with some known breaks for world wars and COVID-19) for over a century, including:
InCambridgeshire villages, young girls went May Dolling (going around the villages with dressed dolls and collecting pennies). This dressing of dolls and singing was said to have persisted into the 1960s inSwaffham Prior
Sing a song of May-time.
Sing a song of Spring.
Flowers are in their beauty.
Birds are on the wing.
May time, play time.
God has given us May time.
Thank Him for His gifts of love.Sing a song of Spring.[46]
InOxford, it is a centuries-old tradition forMay Morning revellers to gather below the Great Tower ofMagdalen College at 6 am to listen to the college choir sing traditional madrigals as a conclusion to the previous night's celebrations. Since the 1980s some people then jump offMagdalen Bridge into theRiver Cherwell. For some years, the bridge has been closed on 1 May to prevent people from jumping, as the water under the bridge is only 2 feet (61 cm) deep and jumping from the bridge has resulted in serious injury in the past. There are still people who climb the barriers and leap into the water, causing themselves injury.[47]
Padstow inCornwall holds its annual'Obby-'Oss (Hobby Horse) day of festivities. This is believed to be one of the oldest fertility rites in the UK; revellers dance with the Oss through the streets of the town and even though the private gardens of the citizens, accompanied by accordion players and followers dressed in white with red or blue sashes who sing traditional May Day songs. The whole town is decorated with springtime greenery, and every year thousands of onlookers attend. Before the 19th century, distinctiveMay Day celebrations were widespread throughout West Cornwall, and are being revived inSt Ives andPenzance. A similar 'Obby 'Oss festival is also held in the Somerset town ofMinehead, dating back to at least the 19th century.[48]
Kingsand,Cawsand andMillbrook in Cornwall celebrateFlower Boat Ritual on the May Day bank holiday. A model of the shipThe Black Prince is covered in flowers and is taken in a procession from the Quay at Millbrook to the beach at Cawsand where it is cast adrift. The houses in the villages are decorated with flowers and people traditionally wear red and white clothes. There are further celebrations in Cawsand Square withMorris dancing andMay pole dancing.
'Dancing the sun up' is a tradition amongMorris dancers to dance at sunrise on May Day, to welcome in the sun and the summer season. It began in Oxford in 1923, and includes dances, traditional May Day songs, and sometimes other activities such asmummers' plays or bonfires. This tradition has since spread across the world, with Morris dance teams dancing the sun up in Asia, Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, and the USA.[49]
The early May bank holiday on the first Monday in May was created in 1978; May Day itself – 1 May – is not a public holiday in England (unless it falls on a Monday).
InProvence, 'May trees' decked with flowers and ribbons were traditionally set up on May Day in every village. It was also a tradition for young girls to be dressed in white, decked with crowns and wreaths of roses, and set on seats or platforms strewn with flowers in the streets. Their companions would go about asking for money from passers-by.[50]
On 1 May 1561, KingCharles IX of France received alily of the valley as a lucky charm. He decided to offer a lily of the valley each year to the ladies of the court. At the beginning of the 20th century, it became custom to give a sprig of lily of the valley, a symbol of springtime, on 1 May. The government permits individuals and workers' organisations to sell them tax-free on that single day. Nowadays, people may present loved ones either with bunches of lily of the valley or dog rose flowers.[51]
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In theCzech Republic, May Day is traditionally considered a holiday of love and May as a month of love. The celebrations of spring are held on 30 April when a maypole (Czech:májka) is erected—a tradition possibly connected to Beltane, since bonfires are also lit on the same day. The event is similar to German Walpurgisnacht, its public holiday on 30 April.On 31 May, the maypole is taken down in an event called Maypole Felling.
On 1 May, couples in love kiss under a blooming tree. According to the ethnographer Klára Posekaná, this is not an old habit. It most likely originated around the beginning of the 20th century in an urban environment, perhaps in connection withKarel Hynek Mácha's poemMáj (which is often recited during these days) andPetřín. This is usually done under a cherry, an apple or a birch tree.
May Day or "Spring Day" (Kevadpüha) is a national holiday inEstonia celebrating the arrival of spring.
More traditional festivities take place throughout the night before and into the early hours of 1 May, on theWalpurgis Night (Volbriöö).
The tradition of erecting maypoles (meiupuu) exists also in West-Estonia, but instead on 1 May, celebrations take place inJaanipäev[52].
InFinland, Walpurgis night (Vappu) ("Vappen") is one of the five biggest holidays along with Christmas Eve,New Year's Eve, Easter (Pääsiäinen), andMidsummer (Juhannus - Midsommar).[53] Walpurgis witnesses the biggestcarnival-style festival held in Finland's cities and towns. The celebrations, which begin on the evening of 30 April and continue on 1 May, typically centre on the consumption ofsima,sparkling wine and otheralcoholic beverages. Student traditions, particularly those of engineering students, are one of the main characteristics ofVappu. Since the end of the 19th century, this traditional upper-class feast has been appropriated by university students. Manylukio (university-preparatory high school) alumni wear the black and whitestudent cap and many higher education students wearstudent coveralls. One tradition is to drinksima, a home-made low-alcoholmead, along with freshly cookedfunnel cakes.
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"Maias" is a superstition throughout Portugal, with special focus on the northern territories and rarely elsewhere. Maias is the dominant naming in Northern Portugal, but it may be referred to by other names, including Dia das Bruxas (Witches' day), O Burro (the Donkey, referring to an evil spirit) or the last of April, as the local traditions preserved to this day occur on that evening only. People put the yellow flowers ofbroom, the bushes are known as giestas. The flowers of the bush are known as Maias, which are placed on doors or gates and every doorway of houses, windows, granaries, currently also cars, which the populace collect on the evening of 30 April when the Portuguese brooms are blooming, to defend those places from bad spirits, witches and the evil eye. The placement of the May flower or bush in the doorway must be done before midnight.
These festivities are a continuum of the "Os Maios" of Galiza. In ancient times, this was done while playing traditional night-music. In some places, children were dressed in these flowers and went from place to place begging for money or bread. On 1 May, people also used to sing "Cantigas de Maio", traditional songs related to this day and the whole month of May.
The origin of this tradition can be traced to the Catholic Church story of Mary and Joseph fleeing to Egypt to protect Jesus from Herod. It was said that brooms could be found at the door of the house holding Jesus, but when Herod's soldiers arrived to the place they found every door decorated with brooms.
May Day is celebrated throughout the country asLos Mayos (lit. "the Mays") often in a similar way to "Fiesta de las Cruces" in many parts of Hispanic America. One such example, inGalicia, is the festival "Fiesta de los Mayos" (or "Festa dos Maios" inGalician, the local language). It has a Celtic origin (from the festivity of Beltane)[54] and consists of different traditions, such as representations around a decorated tree or sculpture. People sing popular songs (also calledmaios,) making mentions of social and political events during the past year, sometimes under the form of a converse, while they walk around the sculpture with the percussion of two sticks. InLugo[55] and in the village ofVilagarcía de Arousa[56] it was usual to ask a tip to the attendees, which used to be a handful of dry chestnuts (castañas maiolas), walnuts or hazelnuts. Today the tradition became a competition where the best sculptures and songs receive a prize.[57]
In the Galician city ofOurense, this day is celebrated traditionally on 3 May, the day of the Holy Cross, that in the Christian tradition replaced the tree "where the health, life and resurrection are," according to the introit of that day's mass.[58]
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In Italy it is calledCalendimaggio orcantar maggio a seasonal feast held to celebrate the arrival of spring. The event takes its name from the period in which it takes place, that is, the beginning of May, from the Latinkalendae maiae. The Calendimaggio is a tradition still alive today in many regions of Italy as an allegory of the return to life and rebirth: among thesePiedmont,Liguria,Lombardy,Emilia-Romagna (for example, is celebrated in the area of theQuattro Province orPiacenza,Pavia,Alessandria andGenoa),Tuscany andUmbria. This magical-propitiatory ritual is often performed during analmsgiving in which, in exchange for gifts (traditionally eggs, wine, food or sweets), the Maggi (or maggerini) sing auspicious verses to the inhabitants of the houses they visit. Throughout the Italian peninsula theseIl Maggio couplets are very diverse—most are love songs with a strong romantic theme, that young people sang to celebrate the arrival of spring. Roman families traditionally eatpecorino with freshfava beans during an excursion in theRoman Campagna. Symbols of spring revival are the trees (alder,golden rain) and flowers (violets,roses), mentioned in the verses of the songs, and with which the maggerini adorn themselves. In particular the plant alder, which grows along the rivers, is considered the symbol of life and that's why it is often present in the ritual.
Calendimaggio can be historically noted in Tuscany as a mythical character who had a predominant role and met many of the attributes of the godBelenus. InLucania, the 'Maggi' have a clear auspicious character of pagan origin. InSyracuse, Sicily, theAlbero della Cuccagna (cf. "Greasy pole") is held during the month of May, a feast celebrated to commemorate the victory over theAthenians led byNicias. However,Angelo de Gubernatis, in his workMythology of Plants, believes that without doubt the festival was previous to that of said victory.
It is a celebration that dates back to ancient peoples, and is very integrated with the rhythms of nature, such as theCelts (celebratingBeltane),Etruscans andLigures, in which the arrival of summer was of great importance.
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On May Day,Bulgarians celebrate Irminden (or Yeremiya, Eremiya, Irima, Zamski den). The holiday is associated with snakes and lizards and rituals are made in order to protect people from them. The name of the holiday comes from the prophetJeremiah, but its origins are most probably pagan.
It is said that on the days of theHoly Forty orAnnunciation snakes come out of their burrows, and on Irminden their king comes out. Old people believe that those working in the fields on this day will be bitten by a snake in summer.
Western Bulgarians light fires, jump over them and make noises to scare snakes. Another custom is to prepare "podnici" (special clay pots made for baking bread).
This day is especially observed by pregnant women so that their offspring do not catch "yeremiya"—an illness due to evil powers.
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1 May is a day that celebrates Spring.
Maios (LatinMaius), the month of May, took its name from the goddessMaia (GrΜαία, the nurse), a Greek and Roman goddess of fertility. The day of Maios (Modern Greek Πρωτομαγιά) celebrates the final victory of the summer against winter as the victory of life against death. The celebration is similar to an ancient ritual associated with another minor demi-godAdonis which also celebrated the revival of nature. There is today some conflation with yet another tradition, the revival or marriage ofDionysus (the Greek God of theatre and wine-making). This event, however, was celebrated in ancient times not in May but in association with theAnthesteria, a festival held in February and dedicated to the goddess of agricultureDemeter and her daughterPersephone.Persephone emerged every year at the end of winter from the Underworld. The Anthesteria was a festival of souls, plants and flowers, and Persephone's coming to earth fromHades marked the rebirth of nature, a common theme in all these traditions.
What remains of the customs today, echoes these traditions of antiquity. A common, until recently, May Day custom involved the annual revival of a youth calledAdonis, or alternatively ofDionysus, or ofMaios (in Modern Greek Μαγιόπουλο, the Son ofMaia). In a simple theatrical ritual, the significance of which has long been forgotten, a chorus of young girls sang a song over a youth lying on the ground, representingAdonis,Dionysus orMaios. At the end of the song, the youth rose up and a flower wreath was placed on his head.
The most common aspect of modern May Day celebrations is the preparation of a flower wreath from wild flowers, although as a result of urbanisation there is an increasing trend to buy wreaths from flower shops. The flowers are placed on the wreath against a background of green leaves and the wreath is hung either on the entrance to the family house/apartment or on a balcony. It remains there until midsummer night. On that night, the flower wreaths are set alight in bonfires known asSaint John's fires. Youths leap over the flames consuming the flower wreaths. This custom has also practically disappeared, like the theatrical revival of Adonis/Dionysus/Maios, as a result of rising urban traffic and with no alternative public grounds in most Greek city neighbourhoods.
In Hungary it is called St. Philip and Jacob's day or sometimes Zöldfarsang. However, contrary to the name, the ecclesiastical explanation of the feast actually refers to the miracle ofSt. Walpurga. In contrast, theHexennacht tradition has survived in only a few places, with witchcraft traditions usually taking place on other days.
The Majális, a merry folk festival, was usually held in a nearby forest, with the food and drink being taken along, which was usually attended by the whole town. There were sack-races, tree climbing, wrestling, strength tests, horse races, singing, dancing and military songs. It was a day of relaxing and walking in nature.
The Majális has a rich tradition in the country, celebrated with dance festivals, concert series and funfairs, set up all throughout the country. There is also anutcabál ("street bal"), when the streets are often filled with dancing residents.
In smaller settlements like (in e.g.Pilisszentkereszt) together with their neighbouring municipalities, set up a May Pole.
In Hungary it was customary to set upMay Poles (májfa or májusfa) in several places in the town. It was usually set on May Day or Pentecost. Sometimes they were just tied to the fence, but most of the time they were planted in the ground. The trees were carved and erected in secret, usually in the dead of night. The aim was always to go out with the girls. the boys set them up (usually one for every unmarried girl) and it was danced around together. For the night the tree was usually guarded, so that it would not be taken away by rivals, or toppled by a rival's courting team.[59]
"Drink water on an empty stomach: the lungs will be renewed" - they used to say in Transylvania, where it was customary for girls to go to the spring or river on this day to wash their faces in water, which was believed to have magical powers to make them beautiful and healthy. Other superstitions include decorating the house with elderberries to ward off witches, and that the butter spat out on this day, called Philip-Jacob butter, can be used to treat earache.[60]
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On May Day, theRomanians celebrate thearminden (orarmindeni), the beginning of summer, symbolically tied with the protection of crops and farm animals. The name comes fromSlavonicJeremiinŭ dĭnĭ, meaning prophetJeremiah's day, but the celebration rites and habits of this day areapotropaic andpagan (possibly originating in the cult of the godPan).
The day is also calledziua pelinului ("mugwort day") orziua bețivilor ("drunkards' day") and it is celebrated to ensure good wine in autumn and, for people and farm animals alike, good health and protection from the elements of nature (storms, hail, illness, pests). People would have parties in natural surroundings, withlăutari (fiddlers) for those who could afford it. Then it is customary to roast and eat lamb, along with new mutton cheese, and to drink mugwort-flavoured wine, or just red wine, to refresh the blood and get protection from diseases. On the way back, the men wearlilac or mugwort flowers on their hats.
Other apotropaic rites include, in some areas of the country, people washing their faces with the morning dew (for good health) and adorning the gates for good luck and abundance with green branches or withbirch saplings (for the houses with maiden girls). The entries to the animals' shelters are also adorned with green branches. All branches are left in place until the wheat harvest when they are used in the fire which will bake the first bread from the new wheat.
On May Day eve, country women do not work in the field as well as in the house to avoid devastating storms and hail coming down on the village.
Arminden is alsoziua boilor (oxen day) and thus the animals are not to be used for work, or else they could die or their owners could get ill.
It is said that the weather is always good on May Day to allow people to celebrate.
"Prvomajski uranak" (Reveille on 1 May) is a folk tradition and feast that consists of the fact that on 1 May, people go in the nature or even leave the day before and spend the night with a camp fire. Most of the time, a dish is cooked in a kettle or in a barbecue. Among Serbs this holiday is widespread. Almost every town in Serbia has its own traditional first-of-may excursion sites, and most often these are green areas outside the city.[61]
May Day is celebrated in some parts of the provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, New Brunswick and Ontario.
Toronto
In Toronto, on the morning of 1 May, various Morris Dancing troops from Toronto and Hamilton gather on the road by Grenadier Cafe, in High Park to "dance in the May". The dancers and crowd then gather together and sing traditional May Day songs such as Hal-An-Tow and Padstow.
British Columbia
Celebrations often take place not on 1 May but during the Victoria Day long weekend, later in the month and when the weather is likely to be better. The longest continually observed May Day in the British Commonwealth is held in the city ofNew Westminster, BC. There, the first May Day celebration was held on 4 May 1870.[62]
Early European settlers of theAmericas brought their May Day traditions with them, and May Day is still celebrated in many parts of the United States, with customs that vary from region to region. In some parts of the United States, May baskets are made. These are small baskets usually filled with flowers or treats and left at someone's doorstep. The giver rings the bell and runs away.[63][64]
May Day celebrations were common at women's colleges and academic institutions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a tradition that continues atBryn Mawr College[65] andBrenau University[66] to this day.
InMinneapolis, the May Day Parade and Festival is presented annually on the first Sunday in May, and draws around 50,000 people toPowderhorn Park. The festival was originated byIn the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre and is now decentralized and community-run.[67] On 1 May itself, localMorris Dance sides converge on an overlook of the Mississippi River at dawn, and then spend the remainder of the day dancing around the metro area.[68]
Morris dancers in the US have continued the English custom of 'dancing the sun up' on May Day, dancing at sunrise to welcome in the sun and the summer season. In 2024, Morris dancers danced the sun up in Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin.[49]
Hawaii
InHawaii, May Day is also known asLei Day, and it is normally set aside as a day to celebrate island culture in general and theculture of the Native Hawaiians in particular.[69] Invented by poet and local newspaper columnistDon Blanding, the first Lei Day was celebrated on 1 May 1927 inHonolulu. Leonard "Red" and Ruth Hawk composed "May Day Is Lei Day in Hawai'i", the traditional holiday song.[70]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)During the Walpurgisnacht Walpurgisnacht, or Walpurgis Night, is one of the names given to the night of 30 April, the eve of Saint Walpurga's feast day that falls on 1 May. Since Saint Walpurga's feast occurs on 1 May the saint is associated with May Day, especially in Finland and Sweden.
Extensive visual, textual and musical studies of American May Day customs since the first Maypole Revels were held at the Ma-Re Mount or Merrymount plantation on Massachusetts Bay in May 1627, hosted by Englishman Thomas Morton; and, last year the state of Massachusetts' Governor Deval Patrick proclaimed May 1 as Thomas Morton Day
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