 | This article includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Maurice Duverger | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| In office 25 July 1989 – 18 July 1994 | |
| Constituency | Italy |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1917-05-06)6 May 1917 |
| Died | 16 December 2014(2014-12-16) (aged 97) |
| Party | Italian Communist Party Democratic Party of the Left |
Maurice Duverger (/ˈduːvərʒeɪ/DOO-vər-zhay;French:[mɔʁisdyvɛʁʒe]; 5 June 1917 – 16 December 2014) was a Frenchjurist,sociologist,political scientist and politician born inAngoulême,Charente. Starting his career as a jurist at theUniversity of Bordeaux, Duverger became more and more involved in political science and in 1948 founded one of the first faculties forpolitical science inBordeaux, France. Anemeritus professor of theSorbonne and member of theFNSP, he has published many books and articles in international newspapers, such asCorriere della Sera andla Repubblica in Italy,El País in Spain, and especiallyLe Monde in France.
Duverger studied the evolution of political systems and the institutions that operate in diverse countries, showing a preference forempirical methods of investigation rather than philosophical reasoning. He devised a theory which became known asDuverger's law, which identifies a correlation between afirst-past-the-post election system and the formation of atwo-party system. While analysing the political system of France, he coined the termsemi-presidential system.
A staunch communist and Soviet Union admirer, he wrote following theFebruary 1956 speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that Stalin had been no better and no worse than the majority of tyrants who preceded him, adding that the Russian Communist Party was a living organism whose cells were continuously rejuvenated, and that the fear of purges had kept the militants on edge, constantly reviving their zeal.[1] From 1989 until 1994, he was a member of theItalian Communist Party, later theDemocratic Party of the Left, in theEuropean Parliament. In 1981, he was elected a member of theSerbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He died at the age of 97 on 16 December 2014.[2]
A member ofDoriot's fascistParti Populaire Français from age 20, Maurice Duverger completed his studies in from theBordeaux Department of Law in 1942, before lecturing in law atPoitiers in 1942, and Bordeaux in 1943 (where he would, in 1948, found theInstitut d'études politiques de Bordeaux as its first director). He also taught atVichy France's Institut d'études corporatives et sociales. In his first publication, "The Constitutions of France" (1944), he explained that the French constitution of 1940 created a "de facto government". However, towards the end of the war, Duverger grew close to theResistance, and inLibération[clarification needed] analyzed the legitimacy of the new government of France and devoted himself to social-scientific theory.
After the War, he taught in the faculty of law and economic sciences in Paris, 1955 to 1985, and contributed toLibération andLe Monde. From 1989 to 1994, he sat in theEuropean Parliament as an MEP for theItalian Communist Party. In 1946 he expanded his theses, with a special interest in the relation between electoral systems and party systems. This interest is at the heart of his most important publication: "The Political Parties" (1951). The work is one of the classics of party research, translated into several languages. That thesis led to Duverger's law, and later he coined the term "semi-presidentialism" and "semi-parliamentarism".
Having as a point of reference their structure, Duverger in his bookLes Partis Politiques (1951) distinguished parties between elite-based parties and mass-based parties. Elite-based parties rather prefer the quality of their members over their quantity, their affiliates being people of greatinfluence on local or national scale. They have flexible and disorganized structures, in general are weakly disciplined and lack developedpragmatic content, allowing each of their members to benefit from an enormous freedom of action. Their funding is generally provided by asponsor, and as their strength comes from their electedrepresentatives, they are typical parties of parliamentarian creation, which depend on the reputation and support of their benefactors.
Mass-based parties possess a secure organization and a strong structure arranged as apyramid, with superposed hierarchically arranged levels. Their members identify themselves more with the party'sideology than with its leader, so they have an abstract adhesion. Their decisions are based on the participation of each one of its members, and its founding is granted by their members' payments, a situation that leads them to gain as many adherents as possible. These parties tend to develop on a par withsuffrage anddemocracy. For instance, elite-based parties execute an often sporadic political labor, focused onelections. However, the disadvantage this implies in relation to their contestant parties (which denote permanent labor and a disciplined and organic structure), impels them to modify their organization to become mass-based parties.
With discovery attributed to Duverger, he observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. In the course of further research, other political scientists began calling the effect a "law" or principle. Duverger's law suggests a nexus or synthesis between a party system and an electoral system: a proportional representation (PR) system creates the electoral conditions necessary to foster party development while a plurality system marginalizes many smaller political parties, resulting in what is known as a two-party system.
In political science, Duverger's law is a principle which asserts that plurality rule elections structured within single-member districts tends to favor a two-party system. This is one of two hypotheses proposed by Duverger, the second stating that "the double ballot majority system and proportional representation tend to multipartism."[3]
