Mary Wade | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1775-12-17)17 December 1775 Southwark, London, England |
| Died | 17 December 1859(1859-12-17) (aged 84) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 21? |
Mary Wade (17 December 1775 – 17 December 1859) was aBritish teenager andconvict who was transported to Australia when she was 13 years old. She was the youngest convict aboardLady Juliana, part of theSecond Fleet. Her family grew to include five generations and over 300 descendants in her own lifetime.
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Researchers in the 1980s believed that Wade was born on 5 October 1777 atSouthwark, London, to Mary English and George Wade, and was christened on 21 December 1777 atSt Olave's Church, Southwark,Surrey, England however, a later group of researchers, with access to records not previously available, now believe that Wade was born on 17 December 1775, in the parish ofWestminster St Margaret and St John, Middlesex,[1] to Lawrence Wade (died August 1794, Perkins Rents, Westminster[2]) and Mary Smith (died November 1836, 5 New Court, Westminster),[3] and was baptised on 7 January 1776, atSt Margaret's, Westminster.[1]
Evidence for her revised date of birth and parents includes:
If the new research is accurate, Mary had at least three siblings: Elizabeth Ann Wade (born 5 February 1778 and baptised 1 March 1778 at St Margaret's Westminster),[1] Henrietta (born 17 November 1780 and baptised 10 December 1780 at St Margaret's Westminster),[5] and Henry (born 1 August 1786, baptised 20 August 1786,[6] died April 1793 and buried 24 April 1793, at St Margaret's.[7]
Wade spent her dayssweeping the streets of London, as a means ofbegging. On 5 January 1789, Mary, with another child, Jane Whiting, 14 years old, stole clothes (one cottonfrock, one linentippet, one linen cap) from Mary Phillips, an 8-year-old, who at the time was collecting water in a bottle at aprivy. They then sold the frock to apawnbroker. Mary was reported to an Officer of the Law by another child who later found the tippet in Mary's room, whereupon she was arrested and placed inBridewell Prison. Her trial was held on 14 January 1789 at theOld Bailey, where she was found guilty and sentenced todeath by hanging.[8]
On 11 March 1789,King George III was proclaimed cured of an unnamed madness; it is assumed that he suffered fromporphyria, a degenerative mental disease. A month later, in the spirit of celebration, all the women on death row, including Mary Wade, had their sentences commuted topenal transportation to Australia. Wade spent 93 days in theNewgate Prison before being transported to Australia on theLady Juliana, which was the firstconvict ship to carry only women and children. After an 11-month voyage, the ship arrived inSydney on 3 June 1790. Wade was sent on toNorfolk Island aboard theLady Juliana, arriving on 7 August 1790.[citation needed]
Wade had 3 children onNorfolk Island: Sarah in 1793, Edward (born c1795 died c1796) and William (born 1795). When they arrived back in Sydney, Mary lived with Teague Harrigan, with whom she had another two children: Edward (born c1800 died 1803) and Edward (born 1803), in their tent on the banks of theTank Stream in Sydney. Teague left to go on a whaling expedition in 1806 and, by 1817, he was living inPort Dalrymple, Tasmania. He was granted land near theTamar River inLaunceston in 1825 and, presumably, never returned to the mainland.[9]
From 1809, Wade lived with Jonathan Brooker near theHawkesbury River. It was there that she raised a family which numbered 21 children (current researchers question this assertion), seven of whom lived to have their own children. Brooker was given acertificate of freedom in February 1811 and was granted 60 acres (24 ha) of land byGovernor Lachlan Macquarie, atTarrawanna, New South Wales.[10] Mary received her certificate of freedom on 1 September 1812. In 1816, the family settled on the property of Airds (comprising the modern suburbs of Airds, Bradbury, St Helens Park and Rosemeadow, among others) inCampbelltown, New South Wales.
Wade married Jonathan Brooker on 10 February 1817 at St Lukes,Liverpool, New South Wales, and her husband owned 30 acres in 1822, but a bushfire burned out the property in 1823. Brooker's livelihood as a chair-maker ended because all his tools were destroyed. The family became destitute and pleaded toGovernor Thomas Brisbane for aid. They recovered, with Wade and Brooker owning 62 acres (25 ha) of land inIllawarra by 1828. They lived there until Brookers' death on 14 March 1833. He was buried in the graveyard of St. Peter's Church, Campbelltown. Wade died inWollongong, New South Wales on 17 December 1859 (her birthday), at the age of 84. Her funeral service was the very first to be held in St Paul's Church of England,Fairy Meadow, New South Wales, with her son having donated the land on which the church was built.[11]
At the time of her death, Wade had over 300 living descendants and is considered one of the founding mothers of the early European settlement of Australia. Her descendants now number in the tens of thousands, includingKevin Rudd, formerPrime Minister of Australia.[12] Wade's story is told in the bookMary Wade to Us, published as a family tree, noted in the further reading below. That, and the stories of Rudd's other convict ancestors, has been collated into two leather-bound volumes bythe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and is kept in theNational Library of Australia in Canberra.[13]
In 2017, theNSW Government named theMary Wade Correctional Centre, a remand centre for women, in her honour.