Mary Schenck Woolman | |
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| Born | Mary Raphael Schenck (1860-04-26)April 26, 1860 |
| Died | August 1, 1940(1940-08-01) (aged 80) |
| Occupation | Educator |
| Years active | 1892–1935 |
| Known for | Vocational and consumer education for women |
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Mary Raphael Schenck Woolman (April 26, 1860 – August 1, 1940) was an American educator known for her advocacy ofvocational education andconsumer education, particularly for women. She was one of the first woman faculty members atTeachers College in New York City. She was the founder ofManhattan Trade School for Girls, the first vocational school for women in the United States.[1] She was the author of several books and lectured around the country.
Mary Raphael Schenck was born inCamden, New Jersey, on April 26, 1860.[2] She was the daughter of John Vorhees Schenck and Martha (McKeen) Schenck.[2] Her father was a prominent physician who was once president of theMedical Society of New Jersey. Her grandfather,Ferdinand Schureman Schenck, was also a physician and represented New Jersey in Congress.[3]
She was educated at the Quaker[4] Mary Anna Longstreth School inPhiladelphia. She attended theUniversity of Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1884,[3] before the school granted degrees to women.[5]
She married Franklin Conrad Woolman on October 18, 1883.[2] He was an attorney who served one term in theNew Jersey Legislature in 1890.[6] Her husband was also a member of a prominent family in New Jersey and in Philadelphia, tracing their lineage back to the Quaker preacherJohn Woolman.[3]Franklin D'Olier was their nephew.[3]
Woolman's father died in 1882 at age 58 fromtyphoid fever.[7] This event, followed by serious illnesses for her mother and husband, forced Woolman to become both household manager and family health care provider.[4] Having to learn additional skills such as cooking, care for invalids and budgeting impressed upon her the inadequacies of the training in practical matters provided to women at the time.[4][5]
To avoid bankruptcy, she was forced to sell their house in Camden and move the family to New York City in 1891.[4] There she was employed as a copy editor,[8] and the family stayed in a boarding house onWashington Square.[5]
Several faculty members of theTeachers College also lived in the boarding house, and one of them brought her a book on the teaching of sewing to review.[5] She had harsh criticism of the book,[4] which impressed the professor and the president of the Teachers College. They asked her to write up her own ideas on the subject.[5] The manual she wrote de-emphasized then-current methods of teaching, involving fancy stitch work and repetition. Instead, she focused on the planning and making of practical garments. Her manual was well received.[4]
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The success of her sewing text led to Woolman being hired as an assistant in domestic science at the college in 1892,[2] one of only two women on staff up to the time.[5] The following year, even though she had no degree, she became an instructor of sewing.[2][4] While teaching she also took classes and earned a diploma in 1895 and aB.S. in 1897.[4]
She was made an adjunct professor in 1898 and a full professor in 1903.[2] She organized the Department of Domestic Arts at the college and initiated the scientific study of textiles there. She became known as an expert in the area.[4]
A group of prominent New York City residents asked her for help in addressing the problems of working women. She developed a plan for a school to train women in practical skills for the textile and clothing industries.[4] This was implemented as theManhattan Trade School for Girls, which she opened in November 1902.[4] She ran the school until 1910[2] while continuing to teach at the Teachers College.[3]
In 1912, Woolman became acting head of the home economics department atSimmons College inBoston,[2] a position she held until 1914.[9] She also was elected president of theWomen's Educational and Industrial Union.[2]
As an expert in vocational education, she was a vocal proponent of theSmith–Hughes Act, which provided Federal funding for it. She lobbied for its passage.[3][8]
In subsequent years, Woolman lectured at various colleges around the country, includingUniversity of California, Berkeley,Oregon Agricultural College,University of Pittsburgh,Colorado Agricultural College,University of Utah andState College of California, Santa Barbara.[3]
In 1921 and 1926, Woolman pursued a graduate degree in economics atRadcliffe College underThomas Nixon Carver,[4] which led to the publication of her final book[10] in 1935, which Carver co-wrote with her and a third author. The book viewed textiles from multiple perspectives.[11]
She was decorated byHerbert Hoover for her service during World War I organizing a Clothing Information Bureau for theDepartment of Agriculture.[9] In 1926, theNational Institute of Social Sciences awarded her its gold medal for "services to humanity and the promotion and conducting of industrial and vocational education."[12] Also in 1926, she was elected toPi Gamma Mu.[3] In 1939 she was made a life member of theAmerican Home Economics Association in recognition of her service to the field.[5]
Woolman's husband died in 1906 after a long illness.[6]
Woolman continued working into her seventies until an automobile accident, which caused permanent impairments.[4] Woolman died a few years later on August 1, 1940,[2] inNewton Highlands, Massachusetts, aged 80,[5] and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery[8] in her birthplace of Camden, New Jersey.[9]
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