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Marxism–Leninism–Maoism (MLM) is a term used by some communist groups to emphasize the significance ofMaoism as a new stage inMarxist theory and practice. Adherents of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism claim it to be a unified, coherent higher stage of Marxism. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with "Maoism" and "Marxism–Leninism"[1] by adherents, although the latter term is more associated withStalinism.
Marxism-Leninism-Maoism has been espoused by a number of insurgent groups in theglobal periphery, including theUnified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (which entered government in 2006[2]), theCommunist Party of India (Maoist), and theCommunist Party of the Philippines. In developed countries (the "imperial core"), MLM has been promoted by theRevolutionary Communist Party, USA (RCP) in the 1990s, and more recently by smaller groups such as the AmericanRed Guards and Norway'sTjen Folket (Serve the People). In the 1990s theRevolutionary Internationalist Movement (dominated by the RCP[3]) served as aninternational coalition of MLM groups. More recently the International Communist League has served this function.
Communist groups outside of China influenced by Maoism have existed since theSino-Soviet split of the 1960s. In particular, the Canadian Maoist philosopherJ. Moufawad-Paul identifiesCharu Mazumdar,Joma Sison, andIbrahim Kaypakkaya (and their associated revolutionary organizations, all of which were involved in "people's wars") as forebears of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.[4] However, Moufawad-Paul argues that prior to 1988 organizations that were called "Maoist" subscribed to "Mao Zedong Thought" or versions ofanti-revisionistMarxist-Leninism that privileged China over the USSR, rather than "Maoism-qua-Maoism."[5] He writes that Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (Maoism as "the third stage for revolutionary science") was first theorized byShining Path in 1988 and further elaborated by theRevolutionary Internationalist Movement in 1993.[6] Moufawad-Paul argues that this is the version of Maoism now "hegemonic" among Maoists worldwide.[7][a] The document "On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism," released by Shining Path's central committee in 1988, describes "Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, principally Maoism" as "the third, newest and highest stage of the ideology of the international proletariat."[8] Similarly, RIM's statement "Long Live Marxism-Leninism-Maoism!", published in 1993, describes MLM as the movement's "guiding ideology."[9]
Some other Maoists have expressed similar views, withTjen Folket stating in 2019 that "Maoism was comprehensed [sic] only through the People’s War in Peru and that the PCP was theonly Maoist Party in the world in 1982."[10] The anarchist author Elliott Liu similarly writes of "the 'Marxism-Leninism-Maoism' synthesis put forward by the Shining Path and the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement in the early 1990s."[11]
The theory ofNew Democracy holds that the national-bourgeois insemi-feudal andsemi-colonial countries has a dual character in that although it is an exploitative capitalist force, it can also but not always side with theproletariat against colonialism, imperialism and thecomprador-bourgeoisie (whose existence is due toimperialism).[citation needed]
Much like theNew Economic Policy in Russia, New Democracy is conceived of as a necessary (but temporary) stage for the long-term development of socialism, or in this case for the construction and consolidation of socialism in the first place. It holds that the national-bourgeois in the New Democratic stage must always be firmly under the command of the proletariat and they must be firmly dispensed with as soon as the national situation allows (in other words, when the contradiction between feudalism and the masses is no longer the primary contradiction of the nation, or when the bourgeois-democratic revolution is at a sufficiently advanced stage) for an outright dictatorship of the proletariat.[citation needed]
Building on the theory of thevanguard party byVladimir Lenin, the theory of themass line outlines a strategy for the revolutionary leadership of the masses, consolidation of thedictatorship of the proletariat and strengthening of the party and for the building ofsocialism. The mass line can be summarized by the phrase "from the masses, to the masses".
Marxist–Leninist–Maoists uphold Mao Zedong's philosophical works, particularly his work ondialectics inOn Contradiction and onepistemology inOn Practice.
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People's war is a Maoist military strategy. A joint declaration published by a number of Marxist–Leninist–Maoist organizations (Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War,Communist Party of the Philippines,Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist, and others) in 1998 stated that “the strategic line of protracted people’s war…is applicable in most countries of the world, where the peasant masses are in the majority among the basic producers” but is “not applicable in industrial capitalist countries” (where power is to be seized instead through "workers' uprisings").[12] In contrast, Tjen Folket[10] and others have argued that people's war is "universally applicable" and represents "the only military strategy of the Proletariat."
The three most notable differences between Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Mao Zedong Thought are the following:[13][14][15]
Perhaps the most notable international was theRevolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM). RIM was founded in 1984 and included such organizations as the Shining Path and the then-Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), eventually known as theUnified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Today, the RIM appears to be defunct or near defunct. The magazine associated with the RIM,A World to Win, has not published an issue since 2006, though A World to Win News Service still publishes regularly on the Internet.[17] In addition, many of the one-time RIM organizations have become increasingly critical of each other and this has resulted in many public splits.[citation needed]
Marxist-Leninist-Maoist groups in Latin America include theCommunist Party of Brazil (Red Fraction), the Communist Party of Chile (Red Fraction), theCommunist Party of Ecuador–Red Sun, the Red Fraction of the Communist Party of Colombia and the Committee to Reconstitute the Communist Party of Mexico.[18][19][20]
In the 1980s and 1990sShining Path, which claimed Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its ideology, fought an insurgency against the Peruvian state that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. This insurgency was largely defeated in the 1990s, although sporadic violence has continued into the present. Remnants of Shining Path are organized as theMilitarized Communist Party of Peru.
TheCommunist Party of India (Maoist) is a Marxist–Leninist–Maoistpolitical party which aims to overthrow the government ofIndia.[21] It was founded on 21 September 2004 through the merger of theCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War and theMaoist Communist Centre of India. The merger was announced to the public on 14 October the same year. In the merger, a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile people's war leaderMuppala Lakshmana Rao (alias Ganapathi) as the general secretary. It is currently proscribed as aterrorist organization by the Indian government.[citation needed]
TheUnified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), a national communist party with a revolutionary background, is a follower of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. However, the party has also developed its own guiding thought known asMarxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path which was developed taking Nepal's political, sociological and geographical constraints into consideration.[22]
The Communist Party of Nepal is another Marxist–Leninist–Maoist party in Nepal. It claims that the UCPN(M) is a revisionist organization and is continuing the people's war against the UCPN(M) government.[citation needed]
TheCommunist Party of the Philippines, which has been fighting an insurgency against the Philippine state since 1968, has espoused Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.[23] In its earlier years, party documents referred to Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought rather than Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.[24]
TheRevolutionary Communist Party, USA (RCP) was previously a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist political party in the United States.[25] The RCP participated in the founding conference of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement on 12 March 1984. The RCP signed the "Declaration of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement"[26] and supported the RIM's declaration "Long Live Marxism–Leninism–Maoism!" on 26 December 1993 which recognized "Marxism–Leninism–Maoism as the new, third and higher stage of Marxism". However, today the RCP uses the "New Synthesis of Communism" to describe its ideology, although they still call themselves Maoists.[27] Because of this, the RCP has been accused ofrevisionism by several Marxist–Leninist–Maoist groups such as the Communist Party of India (Maoist)[28] and the Revolutionary Communist Party of Canada.[29]
Founded in 2015, theRed Guards espoused Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and had branches in several US cities.[30]
MLM groups in Europe have includedTjen Folket in Norway andYouth Resistance in Germany.
I have discussed the dissemination of Mao Zedong Thought in Shandong and Tianjin and later discussed the subject with other comrades of the central leading bodies. Yesterday I mentioned this matter to Chairman Mao and he agreed with the following views.
Partido Comunista do Brasil na clandestinidade, desenvolve há 20 anos, liderado por sua Fração Vermelha, por meio de duras lutas de duas linhas, o processo de sua reconstituição enquanto verdadeiro e autêntico partido comunista marxista-leninista-maoista, partido comunista militarizado.[The Communist Party of Brazil in hiding, has been developing for 20 years, led by its Red Fraction, through tough two-line struggles, the process of its reconstitution as a true and authentic Marxist-Leninist-Maoist communist party, a militarized communist party.]
