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Marshal of the Soviet Union

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Highest Soviet military rank

Marshal of the Soviet Union
Маршал Советского Союза
Uniform shoulder strap(1955–1991)
CountrySoviet Union
Service branchRed Army (1922–1946)
Soviet Army (1946–1991)
RankGeneral officer
Formation22 September 1935
AbolishedDecember 1991
Next higher rankGeneralissimo
Next lower rankArmy General
Marshal of the branch
Equivalent ranksAdmiral of the Fleet
Chief marshal of the branch
Rank insignias of Marshal of the Soviet Union
Gorget patch
1935–1940
Gorget patch
1940–1943
Sleeve chevron
1940–1943
Shoulder board
1943–1955
Peaked cap
1945–1991

Marshal of the Soviet Union (Russian:Маршал Советского Союза,romanized: Marshal sovetskogo soyuza,pronounced[ˈmarʂəlsɐˈvʲetskəvəsɐˈjuzə]) was the second-highestmilitary rank of theSoviet Union. It wasde facto the highest rank because its superior rank,Generalissimo, was only applied toJoseph Stalin, who preferred to wear the uniform and insignia of Marshal after World War II.

The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was created in 1935 and abolished in 1991 whenthe Soviet Union dissolved. Forty-one people held this rank. The equivalent naval rank was until 1955admiral of the fleet and from 1955Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union.

History of the rank

[edit]
See also:List of Field Marshals of the Russian Empire
The first five marshals of the Soviet Union from left to right:Mikhail Tukhachevsky,Semyon Budyonny,Kliment Voroshilov,Vasily Blyukher, andAlexander Yegorov. Only Budyonny and Voroshilov survived theGreat Purge.

The military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was established by a decree of the Soviet Cabinet, theCouncil of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), on 22 September 1935. On 20 November, the rank was conferred on five people:People's Commissar of Defence and veteranBolshevikKliment Voroshilov,chief of the General Staff of the Red ArmyAlexander Yegorov, and three senior commanders,Vasily Blyukher,Semyon Budyonny, andMikhail Tukhachevsky.

Of these, Blyukher, Tukhachevsky, and Yegorov were executed during Stalin'sGreat Purge of 1937–38. On 7 May 1940, three new marshals were appointed: the new People's Commissar of Defence,Semyon Timoshenko,Boris Shaposhnikov, andGrigory Kulik.

DuringWorld War II, Kulik was demoted for incompetence, and the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was given to a number of military commanders who earned it on merit. These includedGeorgy Zhukov,Ivan Konev andKonstantin Rokossovsky to name a few. In 1943, Stalin himself was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union, and in 1945, he was joined by his intelligence and police chiefLavrentiy Beria. These non-military marshals were joined in 1947 by politicianNikolai Bulganin.

Two Marshals were executed in postwar purges: Kulik in 1950 and Beria in 1953, following Stalin's death. Thereafter the rank was awarded only to professional soldiers, with the exception ofLeonid Brezhnev, who made himself a marshal in 1976, andDmitry Ustinov, who was prominent in the arms industry and was appointed Minister of Defence in July 1976. The last Marshal of the Soviet Union wasDmitry Yazov, appointed in 1990, who was imprisoned after thefailed coup againstMikhail Gorbachev in 1991. MarshalSergei Akhromeyev committed suicide in 1991 during thefall of the Soviet Union.

The Marshals fell into three generational groups.

  • Those who had gained their reputations during theRussian Civil War. These included both those who were purged in 1937–38 (Blyukher, Tukhachevsky, and Yegorov), and those who held high commands in the early years of World War II (Budyonny, Kulik, Shaposhnikov, Timoshenko and Voroshilov). All of the latter except Shaposhnikov and Timoshenko proved out-of-step with modern warfare and were removed from commanding positions.
  • Those who built their reputations during World War II and assumed high commands in the latter part of the war. These included Zhukov, Vasilevsky, Konev, Rokossovsky, Malinovsky, Tolbukhin, Govorov, and Meretskov.
  • Those who assumed high command during theCold War era. All were officers in World War II, but their higher commands were held in theWarsaw Pact or as Soviet defence ministers. These included Sokolovsky, Grechko, Yakubovsky, Kulikov, Ogarkov, Akhromeyev, and Yazov.

All marshals in the third category had been officers in World War II, except Ustinov, who had beenPeople's Commissar for Armaments. Even Yazov, who was 20 when the war ended, had been a platoon commander. Brezhnev was not a professional soldier, but was still commissioned as a political commissar in the war.

Of the 35 Marshals who were career soldiers, the majority were of Russian origin. Timoshenko (Tymoshenko), Kulik (Kulyk), Grechko (Hrechko), Yeremenko (Yeryomenko), Moskalenko, Batitsky (Batytsʹkyy) and Koshevoy (Koshovyy) were of Ukrainian origin, while Sokolovsky (Sakaloŭski) and Yakubovsky (Jakuboŭski) had Belarusian origins. Rokossovsky (Rokossowski) was born in Congress Poland to a Polish family, while Malinovsky (Malinowsky) was born in Odessa (now in Ukraine) to a Polish father. Tukhachevsky also had Polish ancestry. Bagramyan (Baghramyan) was the sole marshal of Armenian origin.

The rank was abolished with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. It was succeeded in modernRussia by the rank ofMarshal of the Russian Federation, which has been held by only one person,Igor Sergeyev, who was Russia's defence minister from 1997 to 2001. There have been no living marshals since Yazov's death in February 2020.

List of marshals

[edit]
List of Marshals of the Soviet Union
No.NamePhotoDate of rankPositions held[a]Central
Committee
member		Secretariat
member		Politburo
member		Yrs[b]Notes[c]
1Kliment Voroshilov20 Nov 1935[1]
Other positions (1939–1942)
Yes
(10th–20th,23rd)		NoYes
(14th–20th)		25(1881–1969) Resigned as head of state, 1960.[11]Mayor of Luhansk, 1917;People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, 1925–1934. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1956 and 1968;Hero of Socialist Labour, 1960.
2Semyon Budyonny20 Nov 1935[12]
  • Inspector of Cavalry,Red Army, 1924–1937.
  • Commander,Moscow Military District, 1937–1940.
  • First Deputy People's Commissar for Defence, 1940–1942.[13]
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence, 1942–1943.
  • Inspector of Cavalry,Red Army, 1943–1945.[14]
  • Deputy Minister of Agriculture, 1947–1953.
  • Deputy Minister of Agriculture/Inspector of Cavalry,Soviet Ground Forces, 1953–1954.
Field commands (1940–1942)
Yes
(Candidate:17th,19th–24th; Full:18th)		NoNo17(1883–1973) Retired, 1954. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1958, 1963 and 1968.
3Mikhail Tukhachevsky20 Nov 1935[12]
  • First Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Chief of Ordnance,Red Army, 1931–1936.[16]
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Inspector of Military Training,Red Army, 1936–1937.[17]
Candidate
(17th)		NoNo2(1893–1937)[e] Stripped of rank, 1937. Posthumously rehabilitated.
4Alexander Yegorov20 Nov 1935[12]Candidate
(17th)		NoNo3(1883–1939)[f] Stripped of rank, 1938. Posthumously rehabilitated.
5Vasily Blyukher20 Nov 1935[12]Yes
(17th)[g]		NoNo3(1889–1938)[h] Retroactively stripped of rank, 1939. Posthumously rehabilitated.
6Semyon Timoshenko7 May 1940  
Field commands (1941–1943)
Yes
(Full:18th; Candidate:19th–23rd)		NoNo20(1895–1970) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1960. Chairman, State Committee for War Veterans, 1961–1970. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1940 and 1965; awardedOrder of Victory, 1945.
7Boris Shaposhnikov7 May 1940  Candidate
(18th)		NoNo5(1882–1945) Died in office.
8Grigory Kulik7 May 1940  
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Deputy Chief,General Staff of the Red Army/Head, Main Artillery Directorate,Red Army, 1937–1941.
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence/Head, Main Formation and Training Directorate,Red Army, 1941.
  • Deputy People's Commissar for Defence, 1941–1942.
  • Commander,54th Army, 1941.
  • Stavka Representative to theCrimean Front, 1941–1942.
Yes
(18th)		NoNo2(1890–1950)[i] Stripped of rank, 1942. Posthumously rehabilitated. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1940 (rescinded 1942).[27]
9Georgy Zhukov18 Jan 1943[28]Yes
(Candidate:18th; Full:19th–20th)		NoYes
(20th)		14(1896–1974)[k] Dismissed as minister of defence, 1957.Chief, General Staff of the Red Army, 1941. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1940, 1944, 1945 and 1956; awardedOrder of Victory, 1944 and 1945.
10Aleksandr Vasilevsky16 Feb 1943[33]Yes
(19th–20th)		NoNo14(1895–1977) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1959. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awardedOrder of Victory, 1944 and 1945.
11Joseph Stalin6 Mar 1943[41]Yes
(6th Conf.–19th)		Yes
(11th–19th)		Yes
(6th Comp.–19th)		2(1878–1953) Died in office. Promoted toGeneralissimo, 27 Jun 1945. MadeHero of Socialist Labour, 1939;Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945; awardedOrder of Victory, 1944.
12Ivan Konev20 Feb 1944[43]Yes
(Candidate:18th; Full:19th–24th)		NoNo17(1897–1973)[p] Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1960; reappointed, 1962. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awardedOrder of Victory, 1945.
13Leonid Govorov18 Jun 1944[45]Candidate
(19th)		NoNo11(1897–1955) Died in office. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1945; awardedOrder of Victory, 1945.
14Konstantin Rokossovsky29 Jun 1944[47]Candidate
(22nd–23rd)		NoNo18(1896–1968) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1962. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awardedOrder of Victory, 1945. MadeMarshal of Poland, 1949.
15Rodion Malinovsky10 Sep 1944[51]Yes
(Candidate:19th; Full:20th–23rd)		NoNo23(1898–1967) Died in office. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1945 and 1958; awardedOrder of Victory, 1945.
16Fyodor Tolbukhin12 Sep 1944[53]NoNoNo5(1894–1949) Died in office. Posthumously madeHero of the Soviet Union, 1965; awardedOrder of Victory, 1945.
17Kirill Meretskov26 Oct 1944[54]Candidate
(18th–19th)		NoNo20(1897–1968) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1964.Chief, General Staff of the Red Army, 1940–1941. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1940; awardedOrder of Victory, 1945.
18Lavrentiy Beria9 Jul 1945[60]Yes
(17th–19th)		NoYes
(18th–19th)[r]		8(1899–1953)[s] Stripped of rank, 1953.First Secretary, Communist Party of Georgia, 1931–1932, 1934–1938; First Secretary,Communist Party, Transcaucasian SFSR, 1932–1938. MadeHero of Socialist Labour, 1943.
19Vasily Sokolovsky3 Jul 1946  Yes
(Full:19th–20th; Candidate:22nd–23rd)		NoNo14(1897–1968) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1960. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1945.
20Nikolai Bulganin3 Nov 1947[63]Yes
(17th–20th)[w]		NoYes
(18th–20th)[x]		11(1895–1975)[y] Stripped of rank, 1958.[68]Chairman, Council of People's Commissars, Russian SFSR, 1937–1938;Deputy Chairman, Council of People's Commissars, 1938–1944; Chairman,State Bank of the Soviet Union, 1938–1940, 1940–1945. MadeHero of Socialist Labour, 1955.
21Andrei Grechko11 Mar 1955  Yes
(Candidate:19th–20th; Full:22nd–25th)		NoYes
(24th–25th)		21(1903–1976) Died in office. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1958 and 1973.
22Ivan Bagramyan11 Mar 1955  Yes
(Candidate:19th–20th; Full:22nd–26th)		NoNo13(1897–1982) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1968. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1977.
23Sergey Biryuzov11 Mar 1955  Yes
(Candidate:20th; Full:22nd)		NoNo9(1904–1964) Died in office. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1958.
24Kirill Moskalenko11 Mar 1955  Yes
(20th–26th)		NoNo28(1902–1985) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1983. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1943 and 1978.
25Vasily Chuikov11 Mar 1955  Yes
(Candidate:20th; Full:22nd–26th)		NoNo17(1900–1982) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1972. Commander in Chief,Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany, 1949–1953. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945.
26Andrey Yeryomenko11 Mar 1955  Yes
(Candidate:20th,23rd; Full:22nd)		NoNo3(1892–1970) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1958. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1944.
27Matvei Zakharov8 May 1959  Yes
(22nd–24th)		NoNo12(1898–1972) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1971. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1945 and 1971. Director,Main Intelligence Directorate, 1949–1952.
28Filipp Golikov6 May 1961  Yes
(22nd)		NoNo1(1900–1980) Relieved and appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1962. Director,Main Intelligence Directorate, 1940–1941.
29Nikolay Krylov28 Apr 1962  Yes
(22nd–24th)		NoNo10(1903–1972) Died in office. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, twice in 1945.
30Ivan Yakubovsky12 Apr 1967  Yes
(22nd–25th)		NoNo9(1912–1976) Died in office. Commander in Chief,Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1960–1961; 1962–1965. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, twice in 1944.
31Pavel Batitsky15 Apr 1968  Yes
(Candidate:22nd; Full:23rd–26th)		NoNo10(1910–1984) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1978. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1965.
32Pyotr Koshevoy15 Apr 1968  Candidate
(22nd–23rd)		NoNo1(1904–1976) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1969. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945.
33Leonid Brezhnev7 May 1976[75]Yes
(19th–26th)		Yes
(19th–26th)		Yes
(Candidate:19th; Full:20th–26th)		6(1906–1982) Died in office. First Secretary,Communist Party of Moldavia, 1950–1952; First Secretary,Communist Party of Kazakhstan, 1955–1956;Chairman, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 1960–1964; Second Secretary,Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1963–1964. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1966, 1976, 1978 and 1981;Hero of Socialist Labour, 1961; awardedOrder of Victory, 1978 (rescinded 1989).
34Dmitry Ustinov30 Jul 1976[76]Yes
(19th–26th)		Yes
(22nd–25th)		Yes
(Candidate:22nd–24th; Full:25th–26th)		8(1908–1984)[aa] Died in office. Minister of the Defence Industry, 1941–1957;[ab]Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers, 1957–1963;First Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers, 1963–1965;CPSU Central Committee Secretary for Administrative Organs, 1963–1976; for the Defence Industry, 1965–1976. MadeHero of Socialist Labour, 1942 and 1961;Hero of the Soviet Union, 1978.
35Viktor Kulikov14 Jan 1977  Yes
(24th–27th)		NoNo12(1921–2013) Relieved, 1989. Commander in Chief,Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1969–1971;Chief, General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces, 1971–1977;Member of the State Duma, 2000–2003. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1981.
36Nikolai Ogarkov14 Jan 1977  Yes
(Candidate:23rd; Full:24th–28th)		NoNo11(1917–1994) Relieved as chief of the general staff, 1984; appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1988. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1977.
37Sergei Sokolov17 Feb 1978  Yes
(23rd–27th)[ac]		NoCandidate
(26th–27th)		9(1911–2012) Dismissed as minister of defence, 1987. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1980.
38Sergey Akhromeyev25 Mar 1983  Yes
(26th–27th)[ad]		NoNo5(1923–1991) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1988. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1982.
39Semyon Kurkotkin25 Mar 1983  Yes
(Candidate:24th; Full:25th–27th)		NoNo5(1917–1990) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1988. Commander in Chief,Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1971–1972. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1981.
40Vasily Petrov25 Mar 1983  Yes
(25th–27th)		NoNo3(1917–2014) Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, 1986. MadeHero of the Soviet Union, 1982.
41Dmitry Yazov28 Apr 1990  Yes
(Candidate:26th; Full:27th–28th)[ae]		NoCandidate
(27th)		1(1924–2020) Dismissed as minister of defence, 1991.

Timeline

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Positions held during active service as a marshal, within theRed Army/Soviet Armed Forces,Communist Party, ornon-CPSU governmental apparatus. Selected minor positions are hidden.
  2. ^Years spent in active service as a marshal. Soviet marshals, with a few exceptions, typically held prominent positions—including full or candidate membership of theCPSU's Central Committee andPolitburo/Presidium—without explicitly retiring.Interregna between the holding of such positions are not counted. Retirement for the purposes of counting years on this list are:
  3. ^Includes lifespan; awards of theHero of the Soviet Union,Hero of Socialist Labour, andOrder of Victory; major appointments before promotion to and after retirement as a marshal; and unusual career events such as demotion, removal from office, and purges by Communist Party leadership.
  4. ^asDeputy Chairman, Council of People's Commissars (1940–1946)[3]
  5. ^Arrested and stripped of rank, 22 May 1937; executed, 12 June 1937; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 31 January 1957.
  6. ^Arrested and stripped of rank, February 1938; executed, 23 February 1939; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, March 1956.
  7. ^Candidate member of the17th Central Committee until promotion at the 12th Plenary Session (12 October 1937)[20]
  8. ^Arrested, 22 October 1938; died in captivity, 9 November 1938; retroactively stripped of rank, March 1939; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 1956.
  9. ^Stripped of rank and honours, 16 February 1942; dismissed as deputy people's commissar for defence and expelled fromCentral Committee, 19 February 1942; appointed asmajor general, 17 March 1942; promoted tolieutenant general, 15 April 1943; demoted to major general, 9 July 1945; arrested and stripped of rank, 11 January 1947; executed, 24 August 1950; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 28 September 1957.[26]
  10. ^as First Deputy Minister of War (5–15 March 1953)[6]
  11. ^Dismissed as minister of defence, 26 October 1957; terminated from active military service, 27 February 1958.[32]
  12. ^asMinister of the Armed Forces (1949–1950)[39]
  13. ^as Supreme Commander in Chief,Red Army (1941–1946)
  14. ^asChairman, Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946)[3]
  15. ^asPeople's Commissar for Defence (1941–1946);People's Commissar for the Armed Forces (February–March 1946)[42]
  16. ^Appointed toGroup of Inspectors General, July 1960; recalled as marshal to commandGroup of Soviet Forces in Germany, 13 August 1961; reappointed toGroup of Inspectors General, April 1962.
  17. ^as Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces (until February 1950)[39]
  18. ^Candidate member of the18th Politburo until promotion at the 8th Plenary Session (18 March 1946)[61]
  19. ^Unofficial rank of Commissar General of State Security converted to Marshal of the Soviet Union, 9 July 1945; arrested and removed from all offices, 26 June 1953; stripped of rank, 18 December 1953; executed, 23 December 1953.
  20. ^as First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces (1949–1950)[39]
  21. ^as First Deputy Minister of War (1952–1953)[62]
  22. ^as Minister of War (5–15 March 1953)[6]
  23. ^Candidate member of the17th Central Committee until promotion at the 12th Plenary Session (12 October 1937)[20]
  24. ^Candidate member of the18th Politburo until promotion by poll (18 February 1948)[61][67]
  25. ^Resigned as premier, 27 March 1958; expelled from Presidium, 5 September 1958; stripped of rank, 20 November 1958; retired, 14 October 1961.
  26. ^asFirst Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1964–1966)
  27. ^Directly appointed asGeneral of the Army, 29 April 1976; promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union, 30 July 1976.
  28. ^as People's Commissar for Armaments (1941–1946); Minister of Armaments (1946–1953)[39]
  29. ^Candidate member of the23rd Central Committee until promotion at the 7th Plenary Session (9–10 April 1968)[77]
  30. ^Candidate member of the26th Central Committee until promotion at the 6th Plenary Session (14–15 June 1983)[78]
  31. ^Candidate member of the27th Central Committee until promotion at the 4th Plenary Session (26 June 1987)[79]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Birthday Anniversary of Kliment Ye. Voroshilov, Statesman and Military Figure, Marshal of the Soviet Union".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library. Retrieved27 September 2021.
  2. ^Spahr 1972, p. 55.
  3. ^abHuskey 1992, p. 25.
  4. ^abc"Приказ с объявлением Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о назначении К. Е. Ворошилова заместителем Председателя СНК СССР и председателем Комитета Обороны при СНК СССР, С. К. Тимошенко" [Announcement of Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the appointment of K.E. Voroshilov as Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and S.K. Timoshenko as People's Commissar for Defence].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian).Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 8 May 1940. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  5. ^Hollósi, Dániel József (2020). "The Economic Policy of the Hungarian Communist Party between 1945 and 1946".Studia.36 (2):57–58.doi:10.48261/PIS203604.
  6. ^abcde"Из протокола совместного заседания пленума ЦК КПСС, Совета Министров СССР и Президиума Верховного Совета СССР" [From the minutes of the joint meeting of the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR (5 March 1953)].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian).Government of the Soviet Union. 5 March 1953. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  7. ^Manninen 2004, p. 111.
  8. ^Karlsson 1988, p. 72.
  9. ^abc"Постановление ГКО № 83 сс «О назначении главнокомандующих войсками Северо-западного, Западного и Юго-Западного направлений и преобразовании Ставки Главного Командования в Ставку Верховного Командования»" [GKO Decree No. 83 "On the appointment of commander-in-chief of troops of the North-West, West and South-West directions and the transformation of the Headquarters of the Main Command into the Headquarters of the Supreme Command"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 10 July 1941. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  10. ^abcShukman 1997, pp. 318–319.
  11. ^Frankel, Max (8 May 1960)."Voroshilov Quits as Chief of State; Brezhnev, Khrushchev Aide, Rising in Party Councils, Succeeds Marshal, 79".The New York Times. Retrieved2 December 2024.
  12. ^abcdTyushkevich 1978, p. 209.
  13. ^ab"Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) «О первом заместителе народного комиссара обороны»" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the First Deputy People's Commissar for Defence"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 27 August 1942. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  14. ^"Приказ о назначении Маршала Советского Союза Буденного С.М. командующим кавалерией Красной Армии и генерал-полковника Городовикова О.И. - его заместителем" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 057 "Order on the appointment of Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M. Budenny as commander of the cavalry of the Red Army and Colonel General O.I. Gorodovikov as his deputy"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian).People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. 25 January 1943. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  15. ^ab"Директива Ставки ВГК № 001863 главнокомандующим войсками Юго-Западного и Западного направлений, командующим войсками Резервного и Западного фронтов о назначениях высшего командного состава" [Stavka Headquarters Directive No. 001863 by the Commander-in-Chief of the South-West and Western Forces "On the appointment of senior command personnel for the Reserve and Western Fronts"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Stavka of the Supreme High Command. 11 September 1941. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  16. ^McGranahan, William (4 July 1978)."The Rise and Fall of Marshal Tukhachevsky".Parameters.8 (1). USAWC Press: 63.doi:10.55540/0031-1723.1146. Retrieved5 December 2024.
  17. ^McFadden, Christopher Paul (August 2006)."Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (1893–1937): Practitioner and Theorist of War"(PDF).Association of the United States Army. The Institute of Land Warfare. p. 6. Retrieved5 December 2024.
  18. ^"Об утверждении Маршала Советского Союза т. Егорова А.И. первым заместителем Народного Комиссара Обороны СССР" [On approval of Marshal of the Soviet Union A.I. Yegorov as First Deputy People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian).Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. 10 May 1937. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  19. ^"Приказ Народного Комиссара Обороны СССР, No. 0107" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 107 "On the reorganization of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army"] (in Russian). 28 June 1938. Archived fromthe original on 3 February 2016.
  20. ^ab"Центральный Комитет, избранный XVII-м съездом ВКП(б) 10.2.1934, члены" [Central Committee elected by the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on 10.2.1934, members]. Knowbysight.info. Archived fromthe original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved10 December 2024.
  21. ^Ziemke & Bauer 1987, pp. 7–8, 30.
  22. ^Sadykiewicz (1987), p. 55;Shukman (1997), p. 247.
  23. ^Sadykiewicz 1987, p. 55.
  24. ^"Приказ об освобождении Г.К. Жукова от должности начальника Генерального Штаба и назначении на эту должность Б.М. Шапошникова" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 0270 "Order for the release of G.K. Zhukov from the post of Chief of the General Staff and the appointment of B.M. Shaposhnikov"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. 10 August 1941. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  25. ^"Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о назначении руководителей Наркомата обороны, Западного направления и Западного фронта" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the appointment of the leaders of the People's Commissariat of Defence, the Western Region and the Western Front"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 19 July 1941. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  26. ^"Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о маршале Г. И. Кулике" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the Matter of Marshal G.I. Kulik"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 19 February 1942. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  27. ^"Приказ о Кулике Г.И." [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 0041 "On the Matter of Marshal G.I. Kulik"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. 2 March 1942. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  28. ^"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General G.K. Zhukov the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 18 January 1943. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  29. ^"Приказ главноначальствующего Советской военной администрации в Германии относительно организации военной администрации по управлению Советской зоной оккупации в Германии" [Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany regarding the organization of a military administration to manage the Soviet occupation zone in Germany].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Soviet Military Administration in Germany. 9 June 1945. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  30. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О назначении заместителей Министра вооруженных сил СССР, Начальника Генерального Штаба, Главнокомандующих сухопутными войсками, военно-морскими, военно-воздушными силами и Начальника тыла вооруженных" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the appointment of deputies of the Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the Chief of the General Staff, the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Navy, and Air Force and the Chief of the Rear of the Armed Forces"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian).Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 21 March 1946. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  31. ^"Приказ министра Вооруженных Сил СССР И.В. Сталина об освобождении Г.К. Жукова от должности главнокомандующего Сухопутными войсками. 9 июня 1946 г." [Order of the Minister of Armed Forces of the USSR I.V. Stalin on the termination of G.K. Zhukov from the post of commander in chief of the Ground Forces].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Ministry of the Armed Forces. 9 June 1946. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  32. ^"Протокол № 141 от 27 февраля. Приложение. Проект. Постановление Совета Министров СССР «Об увольнении в отставку и материальном обеспечении Маршала Советского Союза Жукова Г.К.»" [Decree No. 141 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the dismissal of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 27 February 1958. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  33. ^"Приказ с объявлением Указа Президиума Верховного Совета СССР «О присвоении генералу армии Василевскому А.М. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза»" [Order with the announcement of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General A.M. Vasilevsky the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union. 18 February 1943. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  34. ^"Постановление ГКО СССР № 1723 об освобождении Б. М. Шапошникова от должности начальника Генштаба Красной армии и возложении на А.М. Василевского исполнения обязанностей начальника Генштаба Красной армии" [GKO Decree No. 1723 "On the relief of B.M. Shaposhnikov from the post of chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and granting A.M. Vasilevsky interim authority as chief of the General Staff of the Red Army].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 11 May 1942. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  35. ^"Постановление ГКО СССР № 7549с об освобождении А. М. Василевского от обязанностей начальника Генштаба Красной армии и назначении начальником Генштаба А. И. Антонова. Секретно" [GKO Decree No. 7549(c) "On the relief of A.M. Vasilevsky from the duties of the chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and the appointment of A.I. Antonov as chief of the General Staff].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 17 February 1945. Retrieved8 December 2024.
  36. ^"Приказ Ставки Верховного Главнокомандования о назначении маршала Советского Союза А. М. Василевского Главнокомандующим советскими войсками на Дальнем Востоке" [Order of the Headquarters of the Supreme Command on the appointment of Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky as Commander-in-Chief of Soviet Forces in the Far East].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Stavka of the Supreme High Command. 30 June 1945. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  37. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О назначении Маршала Советского Союза Василевского А. М. первым заместителем Министра вооруженных сил СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the appointment of Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky as First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 6 March 1947. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  38. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О первом заместителе Министра вооруженных сил СССР и Начальнике Генерального штаба вооруженных сил СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 12 November 1948. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  39. ^abcdKarlsson 1988, pp. 72–73.
  40. ^abc"Постановление Политбюро о кадровых перестановках в руководстве Министерства вооруженных сил СССР (Протокол № 68)" [Decree No. 68 of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On personnel shifts in the leadership of the Ministry of Armed Forces of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 24 March 1949. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  41. ^"Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о присвоении Верховному Главнокомандующему вооруженными силами СССР Сталину И. В. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза" [Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR, I.V. Stalin, the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 6 March 1943. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  42. ^Tyushkevich (1978), p. 387;Karlsson (1988), pp. 72–73.
  43. ^"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General I.S. Konev the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 20 February 1944. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  44. ^Tyushkevich 1978, p. 388.
  45. ^"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General L.A. Govorov the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 18 June 1944. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  46. ^abTyushkevich 1978, p. 420.
  47. ^"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General K.K. Rokossovsky the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 29 June 1944. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  48. ^Shukman 1997, p. 194.
  49. ^abShukman 1997, pp. 195–196.
  50. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. Об освобождении Маршала Советского Союза Рокоссовского К. К. от обязанностей заместителя Министра и члена коллегии Министерства обороны СССР. № 379" [Decree No. 379 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the termination of Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky from the duties of Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 24 April 1962. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  51. ^"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General R.Ya. Malinovsky the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 10 September 1944. Retrieved2 December 2024.
  52. ^Tyushkevich 1978, pp. 386–387.
  53. ^"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General F.I. Tolbukhin the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 12 September 1944. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  54. ^"Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General K.A. Meretskov the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"".Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 26 October 1944. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  55. ^Tyushkevich 1978, pp. 131, 133.
  56. ^Sadykiewicz (1982), p. 64;Tyushkevich (1978), p. 133.
  57. ^Tyushkevich 1978, p. 133.
  58. ^Grachev 1994, p. 323.
  59. ^Gebhardt 1989, p. 128.
  60. ^Birstein, Vadim (18 June 2013).SMERSH: Stalin's Secret Weapon. Biteback Publishing. p. 28.ISBN 978-1849545679. Retrieved29 September 2021 – viaGoogle Books.
  61. ^ab"Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) - Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) - Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) - РКП(б) - Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - Президиум - Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС" [Narrow composition of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b) - Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) - Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) - RCP (b) - Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - CPSU (b) - Presidium - Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU]. Knowbysight.info. Archived fromthe original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved10 December 2024.
  62. ^Tyushkevich 1978, p. 387.
  63. ^Pierre 1955, p. 93.
  64. ^"Постановление Политбюро о назначении Н.А. Булганина заместителем председателя Совета Министров СССР (Протокол № 57)" [Decree No. 57 of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the Appointment of N.A. Bulganin as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 5 March 1947. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  65. ^"Постановление пленума ЦК ВКП(б) об освобождении И.В. Сталина и назначении Н.А. Булганина министром вооруженных сил СССР (Протокол № 9)" [Resolution No. 9 of the Plenary of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the release of I.V. Stalin and the appointment of N.A. Bulganin as Minister of Armed Forces of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 26 February 1947. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  66. ^"Протокол № 145 от 25 марта. Постановление Президиума ЦК КПСС «О Председателе Совета Министров СССР»" [Resolution No. 145 of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 25 March 1958. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  67. ^"Постановление Политбюро об избрании Н.А. Булганина членом Политбюро (Протокол № 61)" [Resolution No. 61 of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the election of N.A. Bulganin as a member of the Politburo"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 16 February 1948. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  68. ^"Протокол № 191 от 20 ноября. Постановление Президиума ЦК КПСС «Об отмене постановления Политбюро ЦК о присвоении т. Булганину Н.А. воинского звания Маршала Советского Союза»" [Resolution No. 191 of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On nullifying the decision of the Politburo to award N.A. Bulganin the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 20 November 1958. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  69. ^"Appearances of Soviet Leaders – Biographical Sketch of Andrey Antonovich GRECHKO"(PDF).Central Intelligence Agency. 22 January 1969. Retrieved7 December 2024.
  70. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О заместителе Министра обороны СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 23 April 1968. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  71. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. Об утверждении т. Москаленко К. С. Главнокомандующим Ракетными войсками — заместителем Министра обороны СССР и членом коллегии Министерства обороны СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On approval of K.S. Moskalenko as Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR, Commander-in-Chief of the Missile Forces, and member of the Defence Collegium"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 25 October 1960. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  72. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О Начальнике Генерального Штаба Вооруженных Сил СССР. № 947" [Decree No. 947 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 21 November 1964. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  73. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О Начальнике Генерального штаба Вооруженных Сил СССР. № 680" [Decree No. 680 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 21 September 1971. Retrieved9 December 2024.
  74. ^"Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О назначении т. Якубовского И. И. первым заместителем Министра обороны СССР (Протокол № 308)" [Decree No. 308 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the appointment of I.I Yakubovsky as First Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR"].Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 12 April 1967. Retrieved14 December 2024.
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