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Mars of Todi

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Ancient bronze statue from Italy
The"Mars" of Todi, a life-sized bronze

TheMars of Todi is a near life-sizedbronze warrior, dating from the late 5th or early 4th century BC, believed to have been produced inEtruria for theUmbrian tribe. It was found nearTodi (ancient Tuder), on the slope of Montesanto, in the property of the Franciscan Convent of Montesanto.[1]

Description and Interpretation

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The bronze warrior was an expensivevotive offering likely placed at a religious sanctuary,[2] possibly toLaran, the Etruscan god of war.[3] It had been buried in antiquity under travertine stones, perhaps ritually,[4] and left undisturbed until its discovery in 1835.[5] It is an example of the highest-quality "prestige" works from Etruria found in Umbria during this period,[6] and probably came from a workshop inOrvieto (Etruscan Velzna, RomanVolsinii).[7] Velzna was known for its bronze sculptures, more than 2,000 of which werelooted by the Romans in 265 BC.[8]

Detail of the warrior's "large, empty face," as described byOtto Brendel[9]

The work is a "typical military figure" with "conspicuously Etruscan" facial features.[10] It is an Etruscan realization ofGreek formal Classicism, and makes use of thecontrapposto posture.[11] The figure probably held apatera (libation bowl) in his extended right hand, and a spear in the left.[12] His helmet is missing,[13] but his intricate body armor, depicted with "pedantic accuracy,"[14] is one of the best examples showing whatlamellar plate armor from the period looked like.[15] While after its discovery in the 19th century, the statue of a warrior was said to represent a god equivalent to the Roman Mars, others see the represented act of libation would not befit a god, thus that the statue depicts a human soldier and devotee.[16]

The dedication is inscribed on the skirt of the breastplate.[17] It is written inUmbrian inEtruscan characters[18] and marks the beginning of the epigraphic tradition in this part of Umbria.[19] The man dedicating it, however, has a name that appears to have aCeltic origin,[20] an indication of Tuder's "cosmopolitian" character in theArchaic period.[21] The inscription readsAhal Trutitis dunum dede, "Ahal Trutitis gave [this as a] gift".[22]

The sculpture is currently held by the Museo Etrusco Gregoriano section of theVatican Museums.[23]

References

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  1. ^Fred S. Kleiner, introduction toA History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010 "enhanced edition"), p. xl.
  2. ^Guy Bradley,Ancient Umbria: State, Culture, and Identity in Central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 92.
  3. ^Jean-René Jannot,Religion in Ancient Etruria, translated by Jane K. Whitehead (University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), p. 165.
  4. ^Jannot,Religion in Ancient Etruria, p. 136.
  5. ^Bradley,Ancient Umbria, p. 72.
  6. ^Bradley,Ancient Umbria, pp. 68, 71–72, 200.
  7. ^Jannot,Religion in Ancient Etruria, p. 165; Kleiner,A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
  8. ^Kleiner,A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
  9. ^Brendel,Etruscan Art, 317.
  10. ^Donald Strong and J.M.C. Toynbee,Roman Art (Yale University Press, 1976, 1988), pp. 32–33.
  11. ^Kleiner,A History of Roman Art, p. xl;Otto Brendel,Etruscan Art (Yale University Press, 1995, originally published 1978), pp. 316–317
  12. ^Erika Simon, "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon," inThe Religion of the Etruscans (University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 55; Kleiner,A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
  13. ^Kleiner,A History of Roman Art, p. xl.
  14. ^Brendel,Etruscan Art, p. 317.
  15. ^Graham Webster,The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D. (University of Oklahoma Press, 1979, 1998 3rd ed.), p. 2.
  16. ^A History of Roman Art, by Fred S. Kleiner (2016), page 19.
  17. ^Amanda Claridge,Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 393.
  18. ^Jannot,Religion in Ancient Etruria, p. 136.
  19. ^Bradley,Ancient Umbria, p. 73, note 127; Claridge,Rome, p. 393.
  20. ^Lexicum Leponticum:Trutitis,http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/trutitis
  21. ^Bradley,Ancient Umbria, pp. 71–72.
  22. ^Claridge,Rome, p. 393; Giuliano Bonfante andLarissa Bonfante,The Etruscan Language: An Introduction (Manchester University Press, 1983, 2002 rev.ed.), p. 26.
  23. ^"Musei Vaticani – Sito ufficiale".
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