Data collected fromMariner 4's flyby on a modern mapThis shows two of the frames from the Mariner 4 flyby projected over a grid
AMars flyby is a movement ofspacecraft passing in the vicinity of theplanet Mars, but not enteringorbit or landing on it.[1] Uncrewed space probes have used this method to collect data on Mars, as opposed to orbiting or landing.[2] A spacecraft designed for aflyby is also known as a "flyby bus" or "flyby spacecraft".[3]
One application of a Mars flyby is for a human mission, where after landing and staying on the surface for some time the ascent stage has aspace rendezvous with another, uncrewed spacecraft, that was launched separately from Earth, flying by. This would mean the ascent stage of the lander to reach the speed necessary equal to that of the spacecraft flying by, but the resources needed for Earth return would not have to enter or leave Mars orbit.[1][4]
The spacecraft they live in on the journey to Mars does the flyby, but the crew separates and goes into a lander.[1] The Excursion module's ascent stage must rejoin the main spacecraft before it gets too far away.[1] An advantage is that the resources needed for Earth return don't have to enter and leave Mars orbit, but the ascent stage has to performspace rendezvous in solar orbit and the time on Mars is constrained by the need to this.[1][4]Mars cyclers orbit the Sun in such a way as to pass by Mars and the Earth on regular intervals, performing Mars flybys on regular intervals. The crews would live on the stations during the interplanetary voyages. The concept forFlyby Excursion Landing Module is that a lander and flyby would separate in solar orbit, the lander would accelerate to get to Mars first, then land on Mars meanwhile the other segment does a Mars flyby, then the lander takes off and rendezvous with the flyby segment transferring the crew over.[5] (see alsoMars Excursion Module (MEM))
Alternately, a flyby-only human mission is also possible, without detaching at Mars, but toslingshot around Mars and back to Earth.[6]
Photograph byPhilae's ROLIS camera ofRosetta and Mars in February 2007
In July 1965, Mariner 4 achieved a flyby of Mars with a return of data, providing the public and scientists with dramatically closer images of Mars.[7] During the flyby Mariner 4 took 21 pictures amounting to about 1% of the surface of Mars.[7] Mars was not globally mapped until theMariner 9 orbiter, which over the course of 1972 to 1973 took thousands of images up to 100m a pixel.[7] Observations from optical ground-based Earth telescopes have to peer through the atmosphere which blurs images, typically limiting them to resolving features about 300 kilometers (190 miles) across even when Earth and Mars are closest.[8][9]
In October 1999,Deep Space 1 made observations of Mars after its flyby of asteroid Braille.[10] Although this was a very distant flyby it did succeed in taking multiple infrared spectra with its MICAS instrument of the planet.[10]
In 2018,Mars Cube One (MarCO), two flybyCubeSats to relay communication fromInSight lander during its EDL were launched towards Mars with the cruise stage.[11] Both MarCOs reached Mars and successfully relayed data during the entry, descent, and landing phase ofInsight on November 26, 2018.[12]
Two Mars flyby attempts were made in 1960 underMars 1M (Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B).
The third attempt at a Mars flyby was the SovietMars 2MV-4 No.1,[13] also called Mars 1962A or Sputnik 22, which launched in 1962 as part of theMars program.[14] but it was destroyed inlow Earth orbit due to rocket failure.[15]
Mars 1 also launched in 1962 but communications failed before it reached Mars.[16]
Mars 4 achieved a flyby in 1974 and detected a nightside ionosphere.[16]
Mars 6 and7 were Mars landers carried by instrumented flyby buses.[17]
^abcdePage 15-16 in Chapter 3 of David S. F. Portree'sHumans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available asNASA SP-2001-4521.
Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign† indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.‡ indicates use of the planet as agravity assist en route to another destination.
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