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  Artworks of the mission's Mars Climate Orbiter (left) and Mars Polar Lander (right) spacecraft | |
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| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin |
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Mars Surveyor '98 was a mission inNASA'sMars Exploration Program that launched theMars Climate Orbiter and theMars Polar Lander to the planetMars. The mission was to study the Martian weather,climate,water and carbon dioxide (CO2) budget, to understand the reservoirs, behavior, and atmospheric role of volatiles and to search for evidence of long-term and episodic climate changes.[citation needed] The Mars Polar Lander also carried two surface-penetrator probes for theNew Millennium Program'sDeep Space 2 mission. Both spacecraft were launched in 1998 and both were lost.
The orbiter was lost due to a miscalculation in trajectory caused by an unintended and undetected mismatch betweenmetric andimperial units of measurement.[1] The use of metric units as well as the data formats to employ were specified in a navigation software interface specification (SIS) published by JPL in 1996. Despite this, the flight operations team atLockheed Martin provided impulse data in English units ofpound-force seconds rather than newton seconds. These values were incorrect by a factor of 4.45 (1 lbf = 4.45 N). This caused erroneous course corrections that caused the orbiter to descend too low in Mars's atmosphere. The vehicle either burned up or bounced off into space.[citation needed]
Investigators concluded that the most likely cause of the lander's failure was a spurious sensor signal associated with the craft's legs falsely indicating the craft had touched down when in fact it was some 40 meters above the surface.[citation needed] When the landing legs unfolded they made a bouncing motion that accidentally set off the landing sensors, causing the descent engines to shut down prematurely and the lander to fall. Another possible reason for failure was inadequate preheating ofcatalysis beds for the pulsing rocket thrusters.[citation needed]Hydrazine fuel decomposes on the beds to make hot gases that are forced out of therocket nozzles, generatingthrust; in crash review tests cold catalysis beds causedmisfiring andinstability.
The Mars Surveyor 1998 program spacecraft development cost US$193.1 million. Launch costs for the Mars Surveyor '98 Program was estimated at US$91.7 million and mission operations at US$42.8 million.[2] The Mars Climate Orbiter was part of NASA's 10-year Mars Surveyor Program,[citation needed] with launches every 26 months when the Earth and Mars are favorably positioned.
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