TheMarriage of the Virgin is the subject inChristian art depicting themarriage of theVirgin Mary andSaint Joseph. The wedding ceremony is not mentioned in thecanonical Gospels but is covered in severalapocryphal sources and in later redactions, notably the 14th-century compilation theGolden Legend. Unlike many other scenes inLife of the Virgin cycles (like theNativity of Mary andPresentation of Mary), it is not a feast in the church calendar, though itsometimes has been in the past.
In theEastern Orthodox tradition, essentially the same scene, with very similariconography, is considered to represent the earlier scene of the "Entrusting of Mary to Joseph", with Joseph being made Mary's guardian by the temple authorities.
In art the subject could be covered in several different scenes, and the betrothal of Mary, with Joseph's blossoming rod, was often shown, despite its apocryphal origin. The wedding procession may also be shown, especially in theEarly Medieval period.Giotto's famous fresco cycle in theScrovegni Chapel (1303) covers the story in four scenes. By the later Middle Ages and Renaissance the betrothal and marriage were often shown as a single scene, with the disappointed suitors holding their bare rods, or snapping them.
The lack of scriptural backing for the details, and the fall from fashion ofpredelle, led to it falling into disfavour in the Counter-Reformation.
The feast for theEspousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary, now only celebrated by some parts of the Catholic Church, is on January 23.
The Golden Legend, which derives its account from the much olderGospel of Pseudo-Matthew, recounts how, when Mary was 14 and living in theTemple, theHigh Priest gathered all male descendants ofDavid of marriageable age includingSaint Joseph. The High Priest ordered them to each bring a rod; he that owned the rod which would bear flowers was divinely ordained to become Mary's husband. After theHoly Spirit descended as a dove and caused Joseph's rod to blossom, he and Mary were wed according to Jewish custom. The account, quoted in its entirety, runs thus:
When [Mary] had come to her fourteenth year, the high priest announced to all that the virgins who were reared in the Temple, and who had reached the age of their womanhood, should return to their own, and be given in lawful marriage. The rest obeyed the command, and Mary alone answered that this she could not do, both because her parents had dedicated her to the service of the Lord, and because she herself had vowed her virginity to God.... When the high priest went in to take counsel with God, a voice came forth from the oratory for all to hear, and it said that of all the marriageable men of the house of David who had not yet taken a wife, each should bring a branch and lay it upon the altar, that one of the branches would burst into flower and upon it the Holy Ghost would come to rest in the form of a dove, according to the prophecy of Isaias, and that he to whom this branch belonged would be the one to whom the virgin should be espoused. Joseph was among the men who came.... [and he] placed a branch upon the altar, and straightaway it burst into bloom, and a dove came from Heaven and perched at its summit; whereby it was manifest to all that the Virgin was to become the spouse of Joseph.
In fact, neither theGolden Legend nor any of the early apocryphal accounts describe the actual ceremony, and they differ as to its timing, other than that it preceded the "Journey to Bethlehem". It is unclear whether this story was set before or after theAnnunciation which, in the New Testament account, occurred after their betrothal but before their marriage. In theGospel of James it comes after the Annunciation, but in theGospel of Pseudo-Matthew, the primary source in the West, it comes before it.[1]
SaintThomas Aquinas lists a series of arguments for about the appropriateness of the marriage of Mary and Joseph:[2]
Other arguments are:As Mary, from being a virgin and spouse, became the mother of Jesus Christ, so the Church, which is the virgin spouse of Christ, becomes the mother of numerous brothers of the Lord, brothers who are united to the church throughBaptism.
In the person of the Virgin Mary, the Lord intended to 'honour in her both virginity and marriage', typical vocations of Christian life.
The scene, or scenes, was a common component in larger cycles of theLife of the Virgin and thus very frequently found, especially in theMiddle Ages; it is not found in the typical cycle in aBook of hours however. It was often apredella scene underneath the main scene in an altarpiece centred on Mary,
The marriage scene has been painted by, among others,Giotto,Perugino,Raphael,Ventura Salimbeni (1613, his last painting),Domenico Ghirlandaio (1485-1490, at theTornabuoni Chapel),Bernardo Daddi (now in theRoyal Collection),Pieter van Lint (1640,Antwerp Cathedral),Tiburzio Baldini,Alfonso Rivarola,Francesco Caccianiga,Niccolò Berrettoni,Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio,Filippo Bellini,Veronese (inSan Polo church,Venice),Giulio Cesare Milani,Franciabigio (in theSantissima Annunziata, Florence), andGiacomo di Castro.[3]
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