Themarketplace of ideas is a rationale forfreedom of expression based on ananalogy to theeconomic concept of afree market. The marketplace of ideas holds that thetruth will emerge from the competition of ideas in free, transparent public discourse and concludes that ideas and ideologies will be culled according to their superiority or inferiority and widespread acceptance among the population. The concept is often applied to discussions ofpatent law as well asfreedom of the press and the responsibilities of the media in aliberal democracy.
Support for competing ideas and robust debate can be found in the philosophy ofJohn Milton in his workAreopagitica in 1644 and alsoJohn Stuart Mill in his bookOn Liberty in 1859.[1] The general idea that free speech should be tolerated because it will lead toward the truth has a long history.[2] English poet John Milton suggested that restricting speech was not necessary because "in a free and open encounter" truth would prevail.[3]PresidentThomas Jefferson argued that it is safe to tolerate "error of opinion ... where reason is left free to combat it".[4]Fredrick Siebert echoed the idea that free expression is self-correcting inFour Theories of the Press: "Let all with something to say be free to express themselves. The true and sound will survive. The false and unsound will be vanquished. Government should keep out of the battle and not weigh the odds in favor of one side or the other".[5] These writers did not rely on the economic analogy to a market.
Economic historianJoel Mokyr argues in his 2017 bookA Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy that political fragmentation in Europe (the presence of a large number of European states) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues, and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India. China had both aprinting press andmovable type, and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the Industrial Revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an "integrated market for ideas" where Europe's intellectuals used the lingua franca ofLatin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of theRepublic of Letters.[6]
However, the more precisemetaphor of a marketplace of ideas comes from the jurisprudence of theSupreme Court of the United States. The first reference to the "free trade in ideas" within "the competition of the market" appears in 1919 within US Supreme Court JusticeOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s dissent inAbrams v. United States.[7][8] The actual phrase "marketplace of ideas" first appears in a concurring opinion by JusticeWilliam O. Douglas in the Supreme Court decisionUnited States v. Rumely:[9] "Like the publishers of newspapers, magazines, or books, this publisher bids for the minds of men in the market place of ideas."[10] The Supreme Court's 1969 decision inBrandenburg v. Ohio enshrined the marketplace of ideas as the dominant public policy inAmerican free speech law (that is, against which narrow exceptions to freedom of speech must be justified by specific countervailing public policies). While the previous cases dealt with natural persons,[citation needed] the 1976 decisionVirginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council expanded it to corporations by creating a curtailed corporate commercial speech right, striking down a government regulation of advertising in the process.[11] It has not been seriously questioned since in United States jurisprudence,[citation needed] but the legacy of those decisions have led to subsequent decisions likeCitizens United v. FEC that curtailed the government's ability to regulate corporate speech[11] and much more expansive advertising campaigns, commercial and political than Americans had experienced previously.[12]
If beliefs such asreligions are regarded as ideas, the marketplace-of-ideas concept favors a marketplace of religions - with competition in the religious sphere to win hearts and minds[13] - rather than (for example) forcing astate religion, favoring anestablished church, or forbidding "incompatible" beliefs. In this sense, the marketplace of ideas provides a rationale forfreedom of religion.[14]
In recent years, questions have arisen regarding the existence of markets in ideas. Several scholars have noted differences between the way ideas are produced and consumed and the way more traditional goods are produced and consumed.[15] It has also been argued that the idea of the marketplace of ideas as applied to religion "incorrectly assumes a level playing field" among religions.[16] Additionally, the idea of a marketplace of ideas has been applied to the study of scientific research as a social institution.[17] Some scholars have also questioned whether free speech advocates have relied upon the idea of the "marketplace of ideas," offering other reasons for the importance of free speech.[18]
... this classic image of competing ideas and robust debate dates back to English philosophers John Milton and John Stuart Mill ...
{{cite book}}:|website= ignored (help)At the same time, this ideology [modernisation in the name of class solidarity] did everything it could to acquire the same power over the hearts and minds of the masses as Christian religious structures had once achieved over the body of society ... .