Market Street Railway

Market Street Railway brass logo.
Overview
Locale	San Francisco,California
Dates of operation	1857 (1857)–1944 (1944)
Successor	San Francisco Municipal Railway
Technical
Length	284 miles (457 km) (in 1929)[1]

TheMarket Street Railway Company was a commercialstreetcar andbus operator inSan Francisco. The company was named after the famousMarket Street of that city, which formed the core of its transportation network. Over the years, the company was also known as theMarket Street Railroad Company, theMarket Street Cable Railway Company and theUnited Railroads of San Francisco. Once the largest transit operator in the city, the company folded in 1944 and its assets and services were acquired by the city-ownedSan Francisco Municipal Railway. Many of the former routes continue to exist into the 2020s, but served by buses.

The company should not be mistaken for the currentMarket Street Railway, which is named after its predecessor but is actually a legally unconnected non-profit support group for San Francisco'sheritage streetcar lines.

The franchise for what would become the Market Street Railway was granted in 1857 toThomas Hayes. The line was the first railway to open in San Francisco, commencing service on July 4, 1860 as the Market Street Railroad Company.^[2][3] The initial line ran down Market and Valencia as far as Center Street (later 16th Street).^[4] Traction was provided by steam power assteam dummy locomotives pulling a trailer car.^[5] FourPortland gaugetank locomotives were built by San Francisco's Albion Foundry. Locomotives #1 and #4 were 24 feet (7.3 m) long with engine, baggage and passenger compartments driven by the front wheel only0-2-2T. Locomotives #2 and #3 were 18-foot (5.5 m)0-4-0Ts with a baggage compartment. Both types pulled 40-foot (12 m) double-truck trailers with seating for 64 passengers.Baldwin Locomotive Works built two 0-4-0T steam dummies (C/N 5004 & 5009) in 1880 to operate over thestandard-gauge railway extension fromValencia Street to Castro Street until 1888.^[6]

Horses began to replace steam as traction in 1867.^[7] In 1895 the company placed a newspaper advertisement inThe San Francisco Examiner offering horse cars for $20 ($10 without seats).^[8] Many of these became the basis for the impromptu community built from streetcars calledCarville-by-the-Sea.^[9]

Market Street Cable Railway Co.

Powerhouse at Market and Valencia in 1889Sanborn map

Routemap of all cable hauled railroads in San Francisco

Following the opening of thecable hauledClay Street Hill Railroad in 1873, pressure grew to convert the city's horsecar lines to the new form of traction. In 1882,Leland Stanford and associates bought the Market Street Railroad Company and converted its lines to cable haulage. In the process, the company's name was changed to the Market Street Cable Railway Company (MSCRy). This company was to grow to become San Francisco's largest cable car operator. At its peak, it operated five lines all of which converged into Market Street to a common terminus at theFerry Building; during rush hours a cable car left that terminus every 15 seconds.^[3] The main line, which began operation from the Ferry Building down Market to Valencia and Twenty-Ninth in August 1883, was joined by four lines that branched off Market by the end of 1888: McAllister, Hayes, Haight, and Castro.^[10]

Market Street Railway bonds and stocks

Bond couponsc. 1900

Stock certificatec. 1920

However transit technology was still moving on, and the new electric streetcar quickly proved to be cheaper to build and operate than the cable car, and capable of climbing all but San Francisco's steepest hills. In 1893, Stanford died and the company was taken over by theSouthern Pacific Railroad. The company was again renamed to the Market Street Railway Company, and began converting its lines to electric traction. In 1895, MSRy inaugurated service on theFillmore Counterbalance, which was the steepest rail line to date, operating as a hybrid of counterbalance funicular and electric traction.

In 1902, the Southern Pacific Railroad sold their San Francisco railways to a group of eastern investors:Patrick Calhoun'sBaltimore Syndicate.^[11] It consolidated them with other San Francisco lines into a new company called the United Railroads of San Francisco (URR).^[12][13]

Conversion to electricity was resisted by opponents likeRudolph Spreckels and other property owners who objected to what they saw as ugly overhead lines on the major thoroughfares of the city center. At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, those objections were swept away as the greatSan Francisco earthquake struck. The race to rebuild the city allowed the company to replace all but the steepest of its cable car lines with electric streetcar lines.^[3]

On May 14, 1906, Supervisors permitted United Railroads to string overhead trolley wires on Market St. The next day theExaminer accused United Railroads of exploiting the disaster to push through its overhead trolley franchise but they proceeded to install overhead power on all of its lines.^[14] TheSan Francisco graft trials were a series of attempts from 1905 to 1908 to prosecute both government officials accused of receiving bribes. These included members of theSan Francisco Board of Supervisors, San Francisco MayorEugene Schmitz, attorneysAbe Ruef andTirey L. Ford, and the business owners who were paying the bribes.^[15]

Over the years many independent lines had been absorbed, including theClay Street Hill Railroad, theSan Francisco and San Mateo Electric Railway, thePresidio & Ferries Railway, and theFerries and Cliff House Railway. Ironically the earthquake that brought so many benefits to the company also sowed the seeds of its demise, as the independentGeary Street, Park & Ocean Railway was acquired by the city and became in 1912 the beginning of theSan Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni). Horsecars were finally withdrawn from city streets on June 3, 1914.^[16] By 1918, and assisted by the construction of several tunnels under the city's hills, Muni was in direct competition with the URR down the length of Market Street. The two operators each operated their own pair of rail tracks down that thoroughfare, which came to be known as the 'roar of the four'. The two Market Street Railway tracks were on the inside and the two San Francisco Municipal Railway tracks were on the outside.^[3]

Competition, labor troubles and a bad accident in 1918 led to the reorganisation of the URR, to re-emerge again as the Market Street Railway Company. This continued to operate electric streetcars throughout the city, the Powell St. cable car lines, and a growing fleet of buses. But relations were not good with the city, who controlled their franchises, and on May 16, 1944, after defeating the proposal six times previously, voters elected to purchase the operative properties of the Market Street Railway for $7.5 million ($134 million in 2024 adjusted for inflation) and the company sold all its assets and operations to Muni.^[3]

These are the only surviving vehicles from the Market Street Railway fleet:^[17]

• Car 578 was built in 1896 by theHammond Car Company and is a single-truck (four-wheel),California car with open end sections and an enclosed middle compartment. After serving many years as a work car, it was eventually restored to its original form by the Muni, and is still run for special events and charters.^[18]
• Car 798 was built in the company's own shops in 1924. This car was sold for scrap afterWorld War II. Used as a residence and jewelry store in the California town ofColumbia, it was reacquired in 1984 and is currently undergoing restoration for occasional use on theF Market line.^[19]
• Car 755 was built in 1895 by theHammond Car Company and is similar to car 578. It was sold to the Presidio & Ferries Railroad in 1906. In 1913, theMuni acquired the Presidio & Ferries upon the expiration of its operating franchise and the car continue to run in passenger service for the Muni until 1922. At that time it was converted into a work car. It was retired in 1946. It was acquired by private owners in 1947 and stored in Pescadero. It was moved to the Western Railway Museum in 1965 where it awaits restoration.^[20]
• Car 974 was built in the company's own shops, and was acquired by the Bay Area Electric Railway Association. Unfortunately, it was burned while in storage in Stockton before the formation of theWestern Railway Museum.
• Parlor car "San Francisco" was built in 1901 by the St. Louis Car company as San Francisco & San Mateo 61. It was rebuilt by the United Railroads of San Francisco as parlor car available for rent named "San Francisco." In the 1920s the luxury charter business became unprofitable due to competing tour buses and automobiles and the car was converted into a school car for transporting students anywhere on the system free of charge. This came to an end due to World War II and the car was used for minimal charter service by the San Francisco Municipal Railway in 1944. It was sold for scrap in 1951 and became a hot dog stand in the Valley of the Moon. It was eventually required by the San Francisco Maritime Museum for a failed museum and donated to the Western Railway Museum in 1980.^[21]

• Car 0109 was built in 1891 by O'Brian and Sons in 1890 as a passenger streetcar with combination open and closed configuration similar to a Powell Street cable car for the Metropolitan Railway. In 1894 the Metropolitan Railway was acquired by the Market Street Railway. In 1900 the car was rebuilt into a motorized side dump car byWL Holman Car Company for the Market Street Railway. It was later rebuilt as a rail grinder in 1912. It became the property of theSan Francisco Municipal Railway in 1944 and served as their grinder until being put on temporary loan to the Western Railway Museum in the 1970s. It was formally acquired by the Western Railway Museum in 2019.^[22]
• Car 0130 was built as an electric crane in the United Railroad of San Francisco's shops in 1904. It became Market Street Railway 0130 in 1921 andSan Francisco Municipal Railway 0130 in 1944. In 1973 it was acquired byWestern Railway Museum.^[23]
• Car 0304 was built by Hammond as a double-truck California car for passenger service on theSan Francisco & San Mateo Electric Railway in 1900. It became United Railroads of San Francisco 673 in 1902 and was rebuilt into wrecker 0673 in 1907. It was rebuilt into United Railroads of San Francisco overhead lines maintenance car 0304 in 1910. In 1921 it became Market Street Railway 0304 and San Francisco Municipal Railway 0304 in 1944. It is still on Muni property.^[24][25]

Through a subsidiary, the South San Francisco Railroad and Power Company, United Railways also owned and operated streetcar service inSouth San Francisco.^[26] The line ran from a connection with the San Mateo interurban at Leipsic Junction, south of the cemeteries, down Grand Avenue to Fuller Paints.^[27] Service ended on December 31, 1938.^[28]

The last of the company's streetcar routes were discontinued or converted to bus ortrolleybus by 1949. Two of the former cable lines were integrated into the currentSan Francisco cable car system. The company operated the following routes:

• San Francisco cable car system
• San Francisco Railway Museum
• San Francisco Municipal Railway
• Market Street Railway (nonprofit)
• San Francisco Municipal Railway fleet

• Smallwood, Charles A. (1978).The White Front Cars of San Francisco (Interurbans Special #44). Glendale, California:Interurban Press.ISBN 978-0-916374-32-7—a complete history of the Market Street Railway company with numerous photos, illustrations and maps

Wikimedia Commons has media related toMarket Street Railway.

• 1857 establishments in California
• 1944 disestablishments in California
• Cable car railways in the United States
• Companies based in San Francisco
• Defunct California railroads
• Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
• Defunct public transport operators in the United States
• History of San Francisco
• Interurban railways in California
• Market Street (San Francisco)
• San Francisco Municipal Railway
• South of Market, San Francisco
• Streetcars in San Francisco
• Tram, urban railway and trolley companies

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use American English from January 2025
• All Wikipedia articles written in American English
• Use mdy dates from August 2024
• Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
• Commons category link is on Wikidata