Mark W. Clark | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Official portrait, 1945 | |
| Nicknames | "American Eagle" "Wayne" "Contraband" (while at West Point)[1] |
| Born | (1896-05-01)1 May 1896 Madison Barracks,Sackets Harbor, New York, U.S. |
| Died | 17 April 1984(1984-04-17) (aged 87) |
| Buried | The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1917–1953 |
| Rank | General |
| Service number | 0–5309 |
| Unit | Infantry Branch |
| Commands | United Nations Command Sixth United States Army 15th Army Group Seventh United States Army Fifth United States Army II Corps 3rd Battalion,11th Infantry Regiment |
| Battles / wars | |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross Army Distinguished Service Medal (4) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart |
| Spouse | |
| Other work | The Citadel, President |
Mark Wayne Clark (1 May 1896 – 17 April 1984) was aUnited States Armyofficer who fought inWorld War I,World War II, and theKorean War. He was the youngest four-stargeneral in the U.S. Army during World War II.
During World War I, he was acompany commander and served inFrance in 1918, as a 22-year-oldcaptain, where he was seriously wounded byshrapnel. After the war, the futureUS Army Chief of Staff, GeneralGeorge C. Marshall, noticed Clark's abilities.[2] During World War II, he commanded theUnited States Fifth Army, and later the15th Army Group, in theItalian campaign. He is known for leading the Fifth Army when it capturedRome in June 1944, around the same time as theNormandy landings. He was also the head of planning forOperation Torch, the largest seaborne invasion at the time.[3]
On 10 March 1945, at the age of 48, Clark became one of the youngest American officers promoted to the rank of four-stargeneral.[4]Dwight D. Eisenhower, a close friend, considered Clark to be a brilliantstaff officer and trainer of men.[5]
Throughout his thirty-six years of military service, Clark was awarded many medals, theDistinguished Service Cross (DSC), the US Army's second-highest decoration, being the most notable.
A legacy of the "Clark Task Force," which he led from 1953 to 1955 to review and to make recommendations on all federal intelligence activities, is the term "intelligence community."[6]
Clark was born inMadison Barracks,Sackets Harbor,New York, but spent much of his youth inHighland Park, Illinois, while his father,Charles Carr Clark, a careerinfantryofficer in theUnited States Army, was stationed atFort Sheridan.[7] His mother, Rebecca "Beckie" Ezekkiels, was the daughter ofRomanian Jews; Mark Clark wasbaptizedEpiscopalian as a cadet at theUnited States Military Academy atWest Point, New York.[1][8][9]
Clark gained an early appointment to the USMA in June 1913 at the age of 17, but lost time from frequent illnesses.[10] Known as "Contraband" by his classmates, because of his ability to smuggle sweets into the barracks,[1] while at West Point, he met and befriendedDwight D. Eisenhower, who lived in the same barracks division and was his company cadet sergeant. Although Eisenhower was two years senior to him and had graduated as part of theWest Point class of 1915, both formed a friendship. Clark graduated from West Point on 20 April 1917, exactly two weeks after theAmerican entry into World War I, and six weeks before schedule, with a class ranking of 110 in a class of 139, and wascommissioned as asecond lieutenant in theInfantry Branch.[10][11][12] He graduated alongside young men such asMatthew Ridgway,J. Lawton Collins, (both of whom later becameU.S. Army Chief of Staff)Ernest N. Harmon,William W. Eagles,Norman Cota,Laurence B. Keiser,John M. Devine,Albert C. Smith,Frederick A. Irving,Charles H. Gerhardt,Bryant Moore andWilliam K. Harrison. All of these men would, like Clark himself, rise to high command and become generals.[13]
Clark, like his father, decided to join theInfantry Branch. He was assigned to the11th Infantry Regiment, which later became part of the5th Division when it was activated in December, where he became acompany commander in Company 'K' of the 3rd Battalion, 11th Infantry, withFirst LieutenantJohn W. O'Daniel serving as aplatoon commander in his company.[13] In the rapid expansion of the U.S. Army during the war, he rose quickly in rank, promoted to first lieutenant on 15 May andcaptain on 5 August 1917.[14][11]
In late April 1918, shortly before Clark's 22nd birthday and over a year after his graduation from West Point, he arrived on theWestern Front, to join theAmerican Expeditionary Forces (AEF).[15] Arriving with his company at theFrench port ofBrest on 1 May, his 22nd birthday, the next few weeks were spent in training intrench warfare under the tutelage of theFrench Army and soon afterwards the division was inspected byGeneralJohn J. Pershing, the AEF'sCommander-in-Chief (C-in-C).[15] Serving in theVosges mountains, theCommanding Officer (CO) of the regiment's 3rd Battalion, Major R. E. Kingman, fell ill and Clark was promoted to acting battalion commander on 12 June 1918, with O'Daniel taking over command of Clark's company.[15] Two days later, when Clark's division was relieving a French division in the trenches, he waswounded byGermanartillery in the right shoulder and upper back, knocking him unconscious; the soldier standing next to him, Private Joseph Kanieski, was killed. They were two of the first casualties suffered by the 5th Division during the war.[16]
Captain Clark recovered from his injuries within six weeks, but was graded unfit to return to the infantry,[16] being transferred to the Supply Section of the newly formedFirst Army. In this position he served withColonelJohn L. DeWitt, and supervised the daily provision of food for the men of the First Army, which earned Clark recognition at the higher levels of command.[17] He stayed in this post until the end of hostilities on11 November 1918. He then served with theThird Army in itsoccupation duties in Germany and returned to the United States in June 1919, just over a year after he was sent overseas.[17][11]
During theinterwar period, Clark served in a variety of staff and training roles. From 1921 to 1924, he served as an aide in the office of the AssistantSecretary of War. In 1925, he completed the professional officer's course at theUS Army Infantry School and then served as astaff officer with the30th Infantry Regiment atThe Presidio inSan Francisco,California. His next assignment was as a training instructor to theIndiana Army National Guard,[14] in which he was promoted tomajor on 14 January 1933, more than 15 years after his promotion to captain.
Major Clark served as a deputy commander of theCivilian Conservation Corps district inOmaha, Nebraska, in 1935–1936, between tours at theU.S. Army Command and General Staff School in 1935 and theU.S. Army War College in 1937. Among his classmates there were Matthew Ridgway,Walter Bedell Smith andGeoffrey Keyes, all of whom he would serve with duringWorld War II.[18]
Assigned toFort Lewis,Washington, Clark was selected byGeneralGeorge C. Marshall, the newly promotedArmy Chief of Staff, to instruct at the U.S. Army War College in March 1940, where he received a promotion tolieutenant colonel on 1 July.[4] Clark andBrigadier GeneralLesley J. McNair, later the commander ofArmy Ground Forces, selected the thousands of acres of unused land inLouisiana for military maneuvers in theLouisiana Maneuvers.[19] On 4 August 1941, Clark, skipping the rank of colonel, was promoted two grades to the temporary rank of brigadier general as the U.S. Army geared up for entry into World War II, and made AssistantChief of Staff (G-3) at General Headquarters, United States Army, inWashington, D.C.[14][4]
In January 1942, a month after theJapaneseattack on Pearl Harbor and the American entry into World War II, Clark was appointed deputy chief of staff ofArmy Ground Forces (AGF), commanded byLieutenant GeneralLesley J. McNair, and in May 1942 became its chief of staff.[14]
On 17 April 1942, Clark was temporarily promoted to thetwo-star rank ofmajor general.[4] Two weeks before his 46th birthday he was the youngest major general in the U.S. Army. In June, Clark, along with Major General Dwight Eisenhower, was sent to England asCommanding General (CG) ofII Corps, and the next month moved up to CG, Army Forces in theEuropean Theater of Operations (ETO). Along with Eisenhower, he was sent to work out the feasibility of a cross-channel invasion ofGerman-occupied Europe that year, based on theGermany first strategy which had been agreed on by American andBritish military and political leaders the year before if the United States were to enter the conflict. In England Clark first met theBritish Prime Minister,Winston Churchill, who was much impressed by Clark, referring to him as "The American Eagle,"[20][12] along withGeneralSir Alan Brooke, theChief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS, the professional head of the British Army), andLieutenant GeneralBernard Montgomery, then commander of theSouth Eastern Command.
After a cross-channel invasion was ruled out for 1942, attention was turned to planning for anAllied invasion ofFrench North Africa, given the codename of Operation Gymnast, laterOperation Torch. In October, Clark was assigned to theMediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) as deputy to Eisenhower, who was now theSupreme Allied Commander in thetheater, relinquishing command of II Corps. Clark's duty was to prepare for Operation Torch. Clark also made a covert visit to French North Africa (seeOperation Flagpole) to meet with pro-Allied officers of theVichy French forces.
Eisenhower greatly appreciated Clark's contributions. Clark, at the age of 46, was promoted to the temporary rank oflieutenant general on 11 November 1942,[4] three days after the Torch landings. He was the youngestthree-star general in the U.S. Army. On 5 January 1943, the United States created its firstfield army overseas, theFifth Army, with Clark as its CG, although neither Clark nor Fifth Army saw service in thefighting in North Africa. Many officers, most notably Major GeneralGeorge S. Patton Jr., who was both older and senior to Clark, and was then commandingI Armored Corps, came to resent him, believing he had advanced too quickly. Patton, in particular, believed Clark was "too damned slick" and believed Clark was much too concerned with himself.[21] In the presence of senior commanders Patton and Clark were friendly, although Patton, in his journal, wrote "I think that if you treat a skunk nicely, he will not piss on you—as often", referring to Clark after both he and General Marshall, the Army Chief of Staff, visited Patton's headquarters as the latter explained his plans for the upcominginvasion of Sicily.[22] Clark, for his part, claimed he found it difficult to command men who had been his senior, and he proved reluctant to remove those commanders if they failed in battle. The Fifth Army's initial mission was preparing to keep a surveillance onSpanish Morocco.[23] His permanent rank was upgraded to brigadier general on 1 September 1943.[4]
On 9 September 1943, the Fifth Army, composed of theU.S. VI Corps, under Major GeneralErnest J. Dawley—who was a decade older than Clark and about whom Clark had doubts—and theBritish X Corps, underLieutenant GeneralSir Richard L. McCreery—to whom Clark later scornfully referred as a "feather duster"—under Clark's commandlanded at Salerno (codenamed Operation Avalanche). The invasion, despite good initial progress, was nearly defeated over the next few days by numerous Germancounterattacks, and Major General Dawley, the VI Corps commander, was sacked and replaced by Major GeneralJohn P. Lucas, who himself was later sacked and replaced after his perceived failure duringOperation Shingle. Clark was subsequently criticized by historians and critics for this near-failure, blamed on poor planning by Clark and his staff.[24] Despite this Clark was later awarded theDistinguished Service Cross (DSC), the citation for which reads:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Lieutenant General Mark Wayne Clark (ASN: 0–5309), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while Commanding the 5th Army, in action against enemy forces on 14 September 1943 at Salerno, when the FIFTH Army's bridgehead was threatened by an enemy counterattack. General Clark personally instilled determination and courage in his men, under artillery and machine gun fire at the front line. He discovered 18 Nazi tanks approaching, located an anti-tank unit and gave the orders which brought about the destruction of six tanks and the repulse of the rest. By his magnificent display of leadership, courage and determination during a critical phase of the battle, front line troops were inspired to hold at all costs and subsequently to initiate steady advance. Lieutenant General Clark's intrepid actions, personal bravery and zealous devotion to duty exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, the 5th Army, and the United States Army.[25]
The Fifth Army, by now composed of five American divisions (the3rd,34th,36th and45th Infantry, along with the82nd Airborne) and three British divisions (7th Armoured,46th and56th Infantry), operating alongside theBritish Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery, subsequently advanced up the spine of Italy, and captured the Italian city ofNaples on 1 October 1943, and crossed theVolturno Line in mid-October. Progress, however, soon began to slow down, due to German resistance, lack of Allied manpower in Italy, and the formidable German defenses known as theWinter Line, which was to hold the Allies up for the next six months.
During theBattle of Monte Cassino, Clark ordered the bombing ofthe Abbey on 15 February 1944. This was under direct orders from his superior, BritishGeneralSir Harold R. L. G. Alexander,Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of theAllied Armies in Italy (AAI).[26] Clark and hischief of staff, Major GeneralAlfred Gruenther, remained unconvinced of the military necessity of the bombing. When handing over the U.S. II Corps position to theNew Zealand Corps, under Lieutenant GeneralSir Bernard C. Freyberg, the Assistant Division Commander (ADC) of the U.S. 34th Infantry Division,Brigadier GeneralFrederic B. Butler, claimed "I don't know, but I don't believe the enemy is in the convent. All the fire has been from the slopes of the hill below the wall."[27] The commander of the4th Indian Infantry Division,Major GeneralFrancis Tuker, urged the bombing of the entire massif with the heaviest bombs available.[28] Clark finally pinned down the Commander-in-Chief, Alexander, recounting that "I said, 'You give me a direct order and we'll do it' and he did."[29]
Clark's conduct of operations in theItalian campaign is controversial, particularly during the actions around the German Gustav Line, such as theU.S. 36th Infantry Division'sassault on the Gari river in January 1944, which failed with 1,681 casualties in the 36th Infantry Division. American military historianCarlo D'Este called Clark's choice to take the undefended Italian capital of Rome, afterOperation Diadem and thebreakout from the Anzio beachhead, in early June, rather than focusing on the destruction of theGerman 10th Army, "as militarily stupid as it was insubordinate".[30] Although Clark described a "race to Rome" and released an edited version of his diary for the official historians, his complete papers became available only after his death.[31]
Clark led the Fifth Army, now much reduced in manpower, having given up both the U.S. VI Corps and theFrench Expeditionary Corps (CEF) forOperation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of Southern France (which Clark had always opposed), throughout the battles around theGothic Line. For the offensive, Clark's Fifth Army (now composed only of the II Corps—with the 34th and85th Infantry Divisions—under Major GeneralGeoffrey Keyes, and theIV Corps—with the88th and91st Infantry Divisions—under Major GeneralWillis D. Crittenberger and the1st Armored Division in reserve) was reinforced by theBritish XIII Corps, under Lieutenant GeneralSidney Kirkman. The initial stages went well until the autumn weather began and, as it did the previous year, the advance bogged down.
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Early on the morning of 28 January 1944, aPT boat carrying Clark to the Anziobeachhead, six days after the Anzio landings, was mistakenly fired on byU.S. naval vessels. Several sailors were killed and wounded around him.[32] Next month, during the air raid he ordered on Monte Cassino abbey, 16 bombs were mistakenly dropped at the Fifth Army headquarters compound then 17 miles (27 km) away from there, exploding yards from his trailer while he was at his desk inside.[33] A few months later, on 10 June, he again narrowly escaped death when, while flying overCivitavecchia in aStinson L-5, his pilot, Maj. John T. Walker, failed to see the cable of abarrage balloon, which embedded itself into one of the wings, forcing the plane into a rapid downward spiral around the cable. The plane broke free after the third time around, leaving the outer section of the wing behind. Miraculously, Walker managed to crash-land in an open meadow and the two men escaped uninjured. "I never had a worse experience" wrote Clark to his wife.[34]
In December 1944 Clark succeeded Alexander as commander of the AAI, renamed the15th Army Group, and Alexander was made the Supreme Commander of the AFHQ in the Mediterranean, replacingField MarshalSir Henry Maitland Wilson, who himself was called to Washington to replace Field MarshalSir John Dill as head of theBritish Joint Chiefs of Staff.[35] Succeeding Clark as commander of the Fifth Army was Lieutenant GeneralLucian Truscott, who had previously commanded VI Corps and, before that, the 3rd Division. Clark was promoted to thefour-star rank of actinggeneral on 10 March 1945, aged 48, the youngest in the United States Army. His permanent rank was upgraded to major general on 7 October 1944.[4]
Clark led the 15th Army Group throughout the final months of the Italian campaign, although no major offensives took place, due mainly to a critical shortage of manpower throughout the ranks of both the Fifth and Eighth Armies along with the worsening winter weather. After much retraining and reorganizing, Clark then led the army group in thefinal offensive in Italy, codenamed Operation Grapeshot, which brought the war in Italy to an end, and he afterwards accepted the German surrender in Italy in May and became Commander of the Allied Forces in Italy at theend of World War II in Europe.
Later in 1945, asCommander in Chief of US Forces of Occupation inAustria, Clark gained experience negotiating with communists, which he would put to good use a few years later. Clark served as deputy to theUS Secretary of State in 1947 and attended the negotiations for an Austrian treaty with theCouncil of Foreign Ministers inLondon andMoscow. In June 1947, Clark returned home and assumed command of theSixth Army, headquartered at thePresidio inSan Francisco and two years later was named chief of Army Field Forces.[14] On 20 October 1951, he was nominated by PresidentHarry S Truman to be theUS emissary to the Holy See. Clark withdrew his nomination on 13 January 1952, after protests fromTexasSenatorTom Connally and fromProtestant groups.[36]
It was announced on 20 January 1946 that the36th Infantry Division Veterans' Association had unanimously called for acongressional inquiry into Clark's actions during the 36th Infantry Division's disastrous crossing of theGari River (erroneously identified as the Rapido) on the night of 20 January 1944. The petition read:
Be it resolved, that the men of the 36th Division Association petition the Congress of the United States to investigate the river Rapido fiasco and take the necessary steps to correct a military system that will permit an inefficient and inexperienced officer, such as General Mark W. Clark, in a high command to destroy the young manhood of this country and to prevent future soldiers being sacrificed wastefully and uselessly.[37]
Two resolutions were heard in the House of Representatives, one of which claimed the incident was "one of the most colossal blunders of the Second World War... a murderous blunder" that "every man connected with this undertaking knew... was doomed to failure."[38]
Clark was absolved of blame by the House of Representatives but never commented on the Rapido River episode.[38]
During theKorean War, he took over as commander of theUnited Nations Command on 12 May 1952, succeeding GeneralMatthew Ridgway, a close friend and a fellow graduate of the West Point class of 1917.[citation needed] Clark commanded the UN forces in Korea until the armistice was signed by others and him on 27 July 1953.[39] He also served as Commander of theFar East Command in Tokyo overseeing all U.S. forces in Japan. He retained his position as FEC commander and governor of theRyukyu Islands until 7 October, when he was succeeded byJohn E. Hull. Clark formally retired from the Army on 31 October.
From 1954 to 1965, after retiring from the Army, Clark served as president ofThe Citadel, the Military College ofSouth Carolina inCharleston.[40]
From 1954 to 1955, Clark was head of the Clark Task Force to study and make recommendations on all intelligence activities of the Federal government.[41] The task force had been created in 1953 by the second Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, or theHoover Commission, which had been chaired byHerbert Hoover.[citation needed]
Members of the Clark Task Force were AdmiralRichard L. Conolly, a former Deputy Chief of Naval Operations;Ernest F. Hollings, the speaker pro tempore of South Carolina's House of Representatives; California businessman Henry Kearns;Edward V. Rickenbacker, World War I flying ace and president of Eastern Air Lines; andDonald S. Russell, a former Assistant Secretary of State. The staff director was Major General James G. Christiansen. The task force first met in early November 1954 and in May 1955 submitted a top-secret report for the president and another that was unclassified for the Hoover Commission and Congress.[41] The Clark task force coined the termIntelligence Community to describe "the machinery for accomplishing our intelligence objectives."[42]
Clark wrote two memoirs:Calculated Risk (1950)[43] andFrom the Danube to the Yalu (1954).[44] His wife, Maurine, also wrote a memoir:Captain's Bride, General's Lady (1956).[45]
In 1962, Clark was elected an honorary member of the South CarolinaSociety of the Cincinnati in recognition of his outstanding service to his country.[citation needed]
General Clark retired in 1965 when he stepped down as president of The Citadel. He lived in Charleston, South Carolina, in retirement and died there on April 17, 1984, at age 87.[46] He was the last surviving American officer who had held four-star rank during World War II. He was buried on the campus of The Citadel.
Clark was a segregationist who held racist and nativist views. He associated un-Americanism and communism with unassimilated immigrants, whose "less desirable qualities of their former nationalities" had not been erased by the "melting pot." He said World War I had provided the country with a valuable lesson on "undigested groups" with "no knowledge of and respect for American institutions." At the same time, Clark was an ardent Germanophobe who thought Nazi war crimes reflected the inherent "cruelty ... of the German people." At one point, he said U.S. troops had to abandon "soft ideas of sportsmanship and fair play" when fighting Germany.
"Our men must kill Germans as they would kill rattlesnakes or scorpions."[47]
| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| No insignia | Cadet | United States Military Academy | 14 June 1913 |
 | Second lieutenant | Regular Army | 20 April 1917 |
 | First lieutenant | Regular Army | 15 May 1917 |
 | Captain | National Army | 5 August 1917 |
| Captain | Regular Army | 7 November 1919 |
 | Major | Regular Army | 14 January 1933 |
 | Lieutenant colonel | Regular Army | 1 July 1940 |
 | Brigadier general | Army of the United States | 4 August 1941 |
 | Major general | Army of the United States | 17 April 1942 |
 | Lieutenant general | Army of the United States | 11 November 1942 |
| Brigadier general | Regular Army | 14 September 1943 |
| Major general | Regular Army | 7 October 1944 |
 | General | Army of the United States | 10 March 1945 |
| General | Retired list | 31 October 1953 |
Clark married Maurine Doran, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. M. A. Doran of Muncie, Ind., 17 May 1924. Mrs. Clark died 5 October 1966. Their son was Maj. William Doran Clark, U.S.A. (Ret.),[50] and their daughter Patricia Ann (Mrs. Gordon H. Oosting).[51] Later in life he married Mary Dean.[52] Patricia Ann did not have any children. William had 5 children: Louise Clark Goddard, Doran Clark Abrams, D'Wayne Clark Waterman, Helen Clark Atkeson, and Larry Clark.
Mark W. Clark was initiated to theScottish Rite Freemasonry[53] in the Mystic Tie Lodge No. 398, Indianapolis, IN, receiving the 33rd and highest degree.[54]
An interstate spur (I-526) in the suburbs of Charleston, South Carolina, was namedMark Clark Expressway in his honor.
Mark Clark Hall on thecampus of The Citadel inCharleston, South Carolina, is named in General Clark's honor.
TheGeneral Mark W. Clark National Guard Armory inNorth Charleston, South Carolina, is named in Clark's honor.
From 1949 to August 17, 2010, theMark Clark Bridge inWashington connectedCamano Island with the adjacent town ofStanwood on the mainland. It was then superseded by the Camano Gateway Bridge, and the Mark Clark Bridge was demolished the following month.
Fort Drum's Clark Hall is named after him. Fort Drum is near Clark's Madison Barracks birthplace, and Clark Hall is used for administrative in processing and out-processing soldiers assigned to the10th Mountain Division.
The term "intelligence community" was created by the federal intelligence-review "Clark Task Force," which he headed from 1953 to 1955. The term remains in use by the US government and by civilians.
He was used in the 1979 novelKane and Abel as the reason for the Abel character going to World War II.
Two locations in theBrazilian state ofRio de Janeiro—theAcademia Militar das Agulhas Negras inResende, and a street inSão Gonçalo—have been named after Clark.
The Agulhas Negras Military Academy Stadium, Brazil ( AMAN ), is named General Mark Clark.[55]
In the neighborhood of Santa Catarina, in the city of São Gonçalo, located in the State of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, there is a street called Gen. Mark Clark.[56]
Clark was portrayed byMichael Rennie in the 1968 filmThe Devil's Brigade. The film is about the exploits of the1st Special Service Force, commanded byColonelRobert T. Frederick, which came under Clark's command in the Italian Campaign.
Clark was portrayed byRobert Ryan in the 1968 war filmAnzio, under the pseudonym “General Carson”.
Clark was portrayed byWilliam Schallert in the 1979 television miniseriesIke: The War Years.
General Clark was referred to in the television seriesM*A*S*H,season 11, episode 3: "Foreign Affairs". In the episode, he created a program that awarded an enemy soldier $100,000 and U.S. citizenship for landing an enemy plane in friendly territory and surrendering.
..grew up in Highland Park, a Chicago suburb near Fort Sheridan ...
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Newly activated organization | Commanding General II Corps June – October 1942 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Newly activated organization | Commanding General Fifth Army 1943–1944 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commanding General Fifteenth Army Group 1944–1945 | Succeeded by Position abolished |
| Preceded by | Commanding General Sixth Army 1947–1949 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Supreme Commander, United Nations Command 1952–1953 | Succeeded by |
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