سد مأرب | |
 Ruins of the Great Dam of Marib in 1988 | |
| Location | Marib Governorate,Yemen |
|---|---|
| Region | Southern Arabia |
| Coordinates | 15°23′47″N45°14′37″E / 15.39639°N 45.24361°E /15.39639; 45.24361 |
| History | |
| Founded | 1750BC–1700BC |
| Periods | Ancient Yemen |
| Site notes | |
| Part of | Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib |
| Criteria | Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
| Reference | 4000B-C |
| Inscription | 2023 (45thSession) |
| Endangered | 2023– |
TheMarib Dam (Arabic:سَدّ مَأْرِبSadd Ma'rib, orسُدّ مَأْرِبSudd Ma'rib) is a dam blockingwadi Adhanah (أَذَنَة, alsoDhanahذَنَة) in the Balaq Hills, located in theMa'rib Governorate inYemen. The current dam was built in the 1980s and is close to theruins of the ancient dam, first built in the 8th century BC.[1] It was one of the engineering wonders of the ancient world and a central part of theSabaean andHimyarite kingdoms aroundMa'rib.[2]
Other important ancient dams in Yemen include the Dam of Jufaynah, the Dam of Khārid, the Dam of Aḑraʾah, the Dam of Miqrān and the Dam of Yathʾān. Historically, Yemen has been recognized for the magnificence of its ancient water engineering. From theRed Sea coast to the limits of theEmpty Quarter Desert are numerous ruins of small and large dams made of earth and stone.[citation needed]
In 2023, along withother landmarks of the ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib Dam was added to the UNESCOWorld Heritage List.[3]
The site of the great Dam of Marib, also called the Dam of 'Arim (Arabic:سَدّ ٱلْعَرِم,sadd al-ˁArim), is upstream (south-west) of the ancient city of Maʾrib, once the capital of the ancient kingdom ofSheba.[4][5][6] The Kingdom of Sabaʾ was a prosperous trading nation, with control of thefrankincense andspice routes inArabia andAbyssinia.[citation needed] The Sabaeans built the dam to capture the periodicmonsoon rains which fall on the nearby mountains and so irrigate the land around the city.[citation needed] Some tentative archaeological findings suggest that simpleearth dams and acanal network were constructed as far back as around 1750 BC,[7] but the most reliable information dates the Great Dam of Marib to about the 8th century BC.[citation needed] It is counted by some as one of the most wonderful feats of engineering in the ancient world.[citation needed]
The medieval Arab geographerYāqūt al-Ḥamawī describes it thus:
It is between three mountains, and the flood waters all flow to the one location, and because of that the water only discharges in one direction; and the ancients blocked that place with hard rocks and lead. The water from springs gathers there as well as floodwater, collecting behind the dam like a sea. Whenever they wanted to they could irrigate their crops from it, by just letting out however much water they needed from sluice gates; once they had used enough they would close the gates again as they pleased.[8]
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The date of the first construction of a dam at Ma’rib goes back to somewhere between 1750 and 1700 BC. The earliest inscription on the dam is one placed there at the time of its construction or repair of parts of the dam undertaken by Yatha' Amar Watar I, son of Yada' El Zarih I, who reigned in 760–740 BC. The following repair was in the time of Yada' El Bayin II who reigned in 740–720 BC.[7] Renovations were then carried out by Dhamar El Zarih I andKarab El Bayin who reigned in 700–680 BC. All repairs were minor, consisting of essential maintenance, such as removing dirt, opening water courses, or stopping up gaps. TheMakrib Samah' El Yanuf II, son of Dhamar El Watar II, had his name carved into parts of the dam to mark the completion and repair of the dam.
The dam was composed of packed earth, triangular incross section, 580 m (1,900 ft) in length and 4 metres (13 feet) high. It ran between two groups of rocks on either side of the river and was linked to the rock with substantial stonework. The dam's position allowed for aspillway andsluices between the northern end of the dam and the cliffs to the west. Around 500 BC, its height was increased to 7 metres (23 feet), the upstream slope (the water face) was reinforced with a cover of stones, and irrigation was extended to include the southern side as well as the northern side.
After the end of the Kingdom of Sabaʾ, the dam fell under the control of theḤimyarites around 115 BC. They undertook further reconstruction, creating a structure 14 metres (46 feet) high, with extensive waterworks at both the northern and southern ends, five spillway channels, two masonry-reinforced sluices, asettling pond, and a 1,000-meter canal to a distributiontank. These extensive works were not actually finalized until 325 AD, and they allowed theirrigation of 100 km2 (25,000 acres).
The Muslim historianal-Isfahani (whoseAnnals were completed in 961 CE) maintains[9] that a dam breach occurred some 400 years before the rise of Islam, but Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī[10] assigns it to the time of Abyssinian rule.[citation needed]
Ancient South Arabian sources report that in about 145 BC, the dam suffered a major breach during the war between the people of Raydān and the Kingdom of Sabaʾ, and that is the very breach that many scholars consider to have caused theSayl al-ˁArim (Arabic:سَيْل ٱلْعَرِم, Flood of the ‘Arim) mentioned in the Quran; it is also mentioned in Arab proverbs which speak about thehands of Sabaʾ having separated at that time.[citation needed] The fighting between the Raydānites and the Sabaeans delayed the repair of the dam, and this caused devastating losses of crops and fruit, leading large numbers of people to disperse in search of new land capable of supporting life, so huge migrations ensued.[citation needed] It is still uncertain though whether it was that particular breach that caused the "flood of ˁArim" or not, since some migrations certainly took place in the 2nd or 3rd centuries CE, and they are also ascribed to the breaking of the Dam of Maʾrib.[citation needed] Generally speaking, the dam was repaired twice shortly before the coming of Islam, once bySharḥabīl Yaˁfar bin Abī Karab Yasˁad in 450, and byAbrahah in 543.[11] The inscriptions on the dam explain the costs of repair and the large number of workers involved.[citation needed]
The archaeology of the Ma'rib Dam shows the effects ofsiltation behind dams in antiquity, and measures to extend the operational life of the reservoir.[12] The same problems of siltation encountered in the ancient dam were also faced in the construction of the new dam.[13] Despite the increases in height, the dam suffered numerous breaches (recorded major incidents occurred in 449, 450, 542 and 548) and the maintenance work became increasingly onerous; the last recorded repairs took place in 557.[citation needed]
Locals report that the final breach of the dam had been predicted by a king called ʿImrān, who was also asoothsayer, and later by the wife of the king. According to legend, the breach was caused by large rats gnawing at it with their teeth and scratching it with their nails. In 570 or 575, the dam was again overtopped, and this time left unrepaired.[citation needed] The final destruction of the Dam of Maʾrib is alluded to in the Quran (34: 15–17):[14]
لَقَدْ كَانَ لِسَبَإٍ فِي مَسْكَنِهِمْ آيَةٌ ۖ جَنَّتَانِ عَن يَمِينٍ وَشِمَالٍ ۖ كُلُوا مِن رِّزْقِ رَبِّكُمْ وَاشْكُرُوا لَهُ ۚ بَلْدَةٌ طَيِّبَةٌ وَرَبٌّ غَفُورٌ، فَأَعْرَضُوا فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ سَيْلَ الْعَرِمِ وَبَدَّلْنَاهُم بِجَنَّتَيْهِمْ جَنَّتَيْنِ ذَوَاتَيْ أُكُلٍ خَمْطٍ وَأَثْلٍ وَشَيْءٍ مِّن سِدْرٍ قَلِيلٍ
"There was for [the tribe of] Sabaʾ in their dwelling place a sign: two [fields of] gardens on the right and on the left. [They were told], "Eat from the provisions of your Lord and be grateful to Him. A good land [have you], and a forgiving Lord. But they turned away [refusing], so We sent upon them the flood of the dam, and We replaced their two [fields of] gardens with gardens of bitter fruit,tamarisks and something of sparselote trees."[15]
The consequent failure of the irrigation system provoked the migration of up to 50,000 people from Yemen to other areas of the Arabian Peninsula, and even to theLevant.[citation needed]
A dam was built in the 1980s byDoğuş Group,[16][17] close to the location of the old one, at the expense ofSheikhZayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, whose tribe reportedly resettled from Ma'rib to his country,[4] sometime during the 17th century, or in the 6th century, after the collapse of the historical dam. The opening ceremony took place on 20 December 1986, in the presence of Zayed andAyhan Şahenk of Doğuş Group.[18] The dam was considered by people inside and outside Yemen to have a positive effect on the agriculture and economy of the region of Ma'rib, and the country in general.[19][20]
The dam is 38 m (125 ft) high, 763 m (2,503 ft) long, built of earth across the Wadi Dhana at15°23′47″N45°14′37″E / 15.39639°N 45.24361°E /15.39639; 45.24361 (New Ma'rib Dam), creating a storage capacity of 398 million cubic meters. The dam site is located 3 km (1.9 miles) upstream of the ruins of the Great Dam. The new dam, like the old, was designed to store water for irrigating the Ma'rib plains. However, thewadi bed at the new dam site consists ofalluvial sand and gravel material 30–50 m (98–164 ft) thick.Seepage that emanates from this dam does not threaten its structure but results in the loss of water. As a way of capturing the seepage, consideration is being given to rebuilding the ancient Ma'rib dam, both as a functioning structure and as a historic monument and tourist attraction. The complexity and volume of work involved in this project make it necessary that several organizations work together under the aegis ofUNESCO, using financial contributions from international organizations.[21]
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The dam was damaged in an airstrike in 2015. Yemeni officials said that Saudi Arabian coalition forces were responsible for the airstrike.[22]
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