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Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro | |
|---|---|
| Official of the Congregation of the Holy Office | |
 1900 portrait | |
| Appointed | 30 December 1908 |
| Term ended | 23 February 1910 |
| Predecessor | Giuseppe Pizzardo |
| Successor | Donato Raffaele Sbarretti Tazza |
| Other post(s) |
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| Previous post(s) |
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| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1866 |
| Consecration | 8 December 1882 by Edward Henry Howard |
| Created cardinal | 14 March 1887 byPope Leo XIII |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro (1843-08-17)17 August 1843 |
| Died | 16 December 1913(1913-12-16) (aged 70) Rome,Kingdom of Italy |
| Denomination | Latin Catholic |
| Coat of arms |  |
Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro (17 August 1843 – 16 December 1913) was an ItalianCardinal in theCatholic Church, and the last man to have his candidacy for papal election vetoed throughjus exclusivae by a Catholic monarch.
Rampolla is in theepiscopal lineage ofPope Francis.
Born inPolizzi Generosa,Sicily, Rampolla was the son of Ignazio Rampolla, Count of Tindaro, and of his wife, Orsola Errante.[a]
Rampolla entered the Vatican Seminary in 1856, and in 1861 continued his education at theCollegio Capranica and thePontifical Gregorian University. Having displayed a considerable knowledge in Oriental affairs, he was sent to thePontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles as preparation for service in theRoman Curia.
In 1866 Rampolla was ordained a priest. He obtained a doctoratein utroque iure (Canon Law and Civil Law) in 1870. In 1874 he was named a Canon of theBasilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. In 1875, he was sent toMadrid asAuditor of theApostolic Nunciature to Spain. In 1877 he was named Secretary for Oriental Affairs of theCongregation for the Propagation of the Faith. The following year he was named aProtonotary apostolicde numero participantium, the highest rank of monsignor. In 1880 he was named Secretary of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, the Vatican office which deals with areas of the world in which there is no regularly constituted hierarchy of bishops. Then Rampolla was also appointed Secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, the subsection of theSecretariat of State that deals with the foreign affairs of the Holy See.
On 1 December 1882 Rampolla was appointedtitular archbishop of Heraclea in Europa, and on 8 December 1882 was consecrated bishop by CardinalEdward Henry Howard. This was in preparation for his nomination as Apostolic Nuncio to Spain, which came on 19 December 1882.[1]
| Styles of Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro | |
|---|---|
| |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Heraclea in Europa (titular) |
In the consistory of 14 March 1887,Pope Leo XIII created Rampolla del Tindaro aCardinal-Priest, and on 26 May assigned him thetitular church ofSanta Cecilia in Trastevere. On 2 June he was appointedSecretary of State. In this office, as he had previously in Spain, Rampolla employed Giacomo della Chiesa, the futureBenedict XV, as his secretary.
On 21 March 1894, Pope Leo XIII named Cardinal RampollaArchpriest ofSaint Peter's Basilica.
As Secretary of State, Cardinal Rampolla supported the AustrianChristian Social Party, led byKarl Lueger, sometime mayor of Vienna (1897–1910). Lueger entered office over the disapproval ofEmperor Franz Joseph through the personal intervention of Leo XIII. Lueger's Christian Social Party was the first Catholic social movement that was both anti-liberal and anti-Semitic.[2] Rampolla began to swing papal policy from support ofAustria-Hungary toward support ofFrance, Austria's enemy. InItaly, he opposed every government that came to office, on the grounds that there was nothing to lose, and perhaps something to gain, especially on the international scene.[3] He fought for the restoration of the pope's reign over the formerPapal States and fought new penal codes that aimed to criminalize clerical activity.[4] Rampolla expressed his opinion that theFrench people were obligated to support Prime MinisterJules Méline at the height of theDreyfus Affair.[5]
When Leo XIII died in 1903, it was widely expected that Rampolla would be elected pope. His candidacy gained momentum until the last moment when the Austrian EmperorFrancis Joseph I imposed the vetojus exclusivae during the conclave.[b] CardinalJan Puzyna de Kosielsko,Archbishop of Kraków, expressed the veto on behalf of the Austrian emperor. Rampolla was reported to have received enough votes to win.[4][c]
The Secretary of the Conclave, ArchbishopRafael Merry del Val, reported later that Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko came to see him, demanding to announce his veto against Cardinal Rampolla in the name of Franz Joseph. Merry del Val protested and refused even to accept the document. Rampolla, according to Merry del Val, actually gained votes after the veto. However, Merry del Val later toldLudwig von Pastor that he thought Rampolla was unlikely to win since a majority of the cardinals wanted a more conservative direction following the relatively liberal pontificate ofPope Leo XIII, as did he himself.[d]
The specific reasons for Austria's opposition to Rampolla are unclear. The veto may have been based on the pro-French positions adopted by Rampolla, which were reflected in the policies of Leo XIII. Part of the Holy See's solution involving the French Third Republic was the attempt to reconcile French Catholics with their nation's republican government vialaïcité. This was anathema to the powerfulUltramontanes. Others claimed that Austria-Hungary was acting, for reasons unspecified, on behalf of Italy's government through the intervention of State Minister,[7] or that Austria-Hungary was acting on behalf ofGermany.[4][e]
While some prelates formally protested this intrusion after voting had been in progress, the Ultramontanist Cardinals readily recognized the existing legal right of the emperor. Support for Rampolla dissipated, leading to the election of Giuseppe Sarto asPope Pius X. Abolition of the veto right was one of his first official acts, on 20 January 1904.[4]
Pius X choseRafael Merry del Val to succeed Rampolla as Secretary of State. Rampolla remained Arch-Priest of Saint Peter's.[7] Between 1908 and his death in 1913, Rampolla served as Secretary (then the head) of theHoly Office. In 1912, Pope Pius X appointed RampollaArchivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church as well, a position he held until his death. He continued to be viewed as a likely successor to Pope Pius X in case of the pontiff's death.
Rampolla died suddenly in Rome on 16 December 1913 at age seventy, some months before the pope died in August 1914.[9] He was buried in theCampo Verano Cemetery near the Basilica ofSan Lorenzo fuori le Mura. His friend and closest collaborator, Giacomo della Chiesa, who soon succeeded Pius X asPope Benedict XV, presided over his funeral ceremonies. On 19 June 1929, twelve days after theItalian Parliament ratified theLateran Treaty, the body of Cardinal Rampolla was transferred toSanta Cecilia in Trastevere.
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Nuncio to Spain 19 December 1882 – 2 June 1887 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Cardinal Secretary of State 2 June 1887 – 20 July 1903 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 16 January 1893 – 18 May 1894 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica 21 March 1894 – 16 December 1913 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Secretary of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office 30 December 1908 – 16 December 1913 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Archivist of the Holy Roman Church 26 November 1912 – 16 December 1913 | Succeeded by |
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