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Marianne Moore | |
|---|---|
 Photograph byGeorge Platt Lynes (1935) | |
| Born | (1887-11-15)November 15, 1887 Kirkwood, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | February 5, 1972(1972-02-05) (aged 84) New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Education | Bryn Mawr College (BA) |
| Literary movement | Modernism |
| Notable awards |
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Marianne Craig Moore (November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was an Americanmodernist poet, critic, translator, and editor. Her poetry is noted for its formal innovation, precise diction, irony, and wit. In1968, she was nominated for theNobel Prize in Literature byNobel Committee memberErik Lindegren.[1]
Moore was born inKirkwood, Missouri, in the manse of thePresbyterian church where her maternal grandfather, John Riddle Warner, served as pastor. Her father, John Milton Moore, a mechanical engineer and inventor, suffered a psychotic episode, as a consequence of which her parents separated before she was born; Moore never met him. She and her elder brother, John Warner Moore, were reared by their mother, Mary Warner Moore. The family wrote voluminous letters to one another throughout their lives, often addressing each other by playful nicknames based on characters fromThe Wind in the Willows and using a private language.
Like her mother and her brother, Moore remained a devoted Presbyterian, strongly influenced by her grandfather, approaching her Christian faith as a lesson in strength vindicated through trials and temptations; her poems often deal with the themes of strength and adversity.[2] She thought "it was not possible to live without religious faith".[3] Moore lived in theSt. Louis area until she was six.[4] After her grandfather died in 1894, the three stayed with relatives nearPittsburgh for two years, then moved toCarlisle, Pennsylvania, where her mother found employment teaching English in a private girls school.
Moore enteredBryn Mawr College in 1905. She graduated four years later with an A.B., having majored in history, economics, and political science.[5] The poetH.D. was among her classmates during their freshman year. At Bryn Mawr, Moore started writing short stories and poems forTipyn O'Bob,[6] the campus literary magazine, and decided to become a writer. After graduation, she worked briefly atMelvil Dewey'sLake Placid Club,[7] then taught business subjects at theCarlisle Indian Industrial School from 1911 to 1914.
Moore's first professionally published poems appeared inThe Egoist andPoetry in the spring of 1915.Harriet Monroe, the editor of the latter, would describe them in her biography as possessing "an elliptically musical profundity".[8]
In 1916, Moore moved with her mother toChatham, New Jersey, a community with commuting transportation toManhattan. Two years later, the two moved to New York City'sGreenwich Village, where Moore socialized with manyavant-garde artists, especially those associated withOthers magazine. The innovative poems she was writing at that time received high praise fromEzra Pound,William Carlos Williams,H.D.,T. S. Eliot, and later,Wallace Stevens.
Moore's first book,Poems, was published without her permission in 1921 by the Imagist poet H.D. and H.D.'s partner, the British novelistBryher.[5][9] Moore's later poetry shows some influence from theImagists' principles.[10]
Her second book,Observations, won the Dial Award in 1924. She worked part-time as a librarian during these years; then from 1925 to 1929, she editedThe Dial magazine, a literary and cultural journal. This position in the literary and arts community extended her influence as an arbiter of modernist taste; much later, she encouraged promising young poets, includingElizabeth Bishop,Allen Ginsberg,John Ashbery, andJames Merrill. WhenThe Dial ceased publication in 1929, she moved to 260 Cumberland Street[11] in theFort Greene neighborhood ofBrooklyn, where she remained for thirty-six years. She continued to write while caring for her ailing mother, who died in 1947. For nine years before and after her mother's death, Moore translated theFables ofLa Fontaine.
In 1933, Moore was awarded the Helen Haire Levinson Prize byPoetry magazine. In 1951, herCollected Poems won theNational Book Award,[12] thePulitzer Prize, and theBollingen Prize. In the book's introduction, T. S. Eliot wrote, "My conviction has remained unchanged for the last 14 years that Miss Moore's poems form part of the small body of durable poetry written in our time."[4] After years of seclusion, she emerged as a celebrity, speaking at college campuses across the country and appearing in photographic essays inLife andLook magazines. Moore became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1955.[4] She was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1962[13] and in 1967 she was awarded TheEdward MacDowell Medal byThe MacDowell Colony for outstanding contributions to American culture.[14] Moore continued to publish poems in various magazines, including,The Nation,The New Republic,Partisan Review, andThe New Yorker, as well as publishing various books and collections of her poetry and criticism.
She moved to 35 West Ninth Street in Manhattan in 1965. After she moved back to Greenwich Village, she was widely recognized around town for her tricorn hat and black cape. She liked athletics and was a great admirer ofMuhammad Ali, for whose spoken-word albumI Am the Greatest! she wrote the liner notes. She became known as a baseball fan, first of theBrooklyn Dodgers and then of theNew York Yankees. She threw out the ball to open the season atYankee Stadium in 1968.
At the age of 81, Moore received the 1968National Medal for Literature. The committee overseeing the award stated: "One of the few true inventors of poetry in our time, Marianne Moore, the first lady of poetry, gives us intimations of exquisite perfection."[15]
Moore suffered a series of strokes in her last years. She died in 1972, and her ashes were interred with those of her mother at the family's burial plot at theEvergreen Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.[16][17] By the time of her death, she had received many honorary degrees and virtually every honor available to an American poet. TheNew York Times printed a full-page obituary.[18] In 1996, she was inducted into theSt. Louis Walk of Fame.[19]
Moore corresponded with Ezra Pound from 1918 onward and visited him regularly during his incarceration atSt. Elizabeth's. She opposedBenito Mussolini andFascism from the start and objected to Pound'santisemitism. Moore was aRepublican and supportedHerbert Hoover in 1928 and 1932.[20][21][22] She was a lifelong ally and friend of the American poet Wallace Stevens, as demonstrated in her review of Stevens's first collection,Harmonium, and, in particular, by her comment about the influence ofHenri Rousseau on the poem "Floral Decorations for Bananas". She also corresponded, from 1943 to 1961, with the reclusive collage artistJoseph Cornell, whose methods of collecting and appropriation were much like her own.[23]
In 1955, Moore was invited informally by David Wallace, manager of marketing research forFord's "E-car" project, and his co-worker Bob Young, to suggest a name for the car. Wallace's rationale was "Who better to understand the nature of words than a poet?" In October 1955, Moore was approached to submit "inspirational names" for the E-car, and on November 7, she offered her list of names, which included such notables as "Resilient Bullet", "Ford Silver Sword", "Mongoose Civique", "Varsity Stroke", "Pastelogram", and "Andante con Moto". On December 8, she submitted her last and most famous name, "Utopian Turtletop". The E-car was christened by Ford as theEdsel.[24]
Moore never married. Her living room has been recreated in its original layout in the collections of theRosenbach Museum and Library in Philadelphia.[25] Her entire library, knick-knacks (including a baseball signed byMickey Mantle), all of her correspondence, photographs, and poetry drafts are available for public viewing.
LikeRobert Lowell, Moore revised many of her early poems in later life. Most of these revised works appeared in theComplete Poems of 1967. Facsimile editions of the theretofore out-of-print 1924Observations became available in 2002. Since that time, there has been no critical consensus about which versions are authoritative. As Moore wrote, as a one-line epigraph toComplete Poems, which offered her well-known work "Poetry" cut down from twenty-nine lines to three: "Omissions are not accidents."[26][27][28] In a foreword toA Marianne Moore Reader in 1961, Moore said her favorite poem was theBook of Job.[29]
Moore's novel and an unfinished memoir have not been published.[29] In her will, she established a fund for the support of theCamperdown Elm in Brooklyn'sProspect Park, a rare and ancient tree that she had celebrated in a poem.[30]
In 2012, she was inducted into theNew York State Writers Hall of Fame.
Moore's most famous poem is perhaps "Poetry",[31] in which she praises poets who create "imaginary gardens with real toads in them". It also asserts thatmeter and other traditional poetic devices are not as important as delight in language and precise, heartfelt expression. (Moore wrestled with "Poetry" for decades: the poem has 11 versions, was printed 27 times and published 79 times between 1919 and 1982.[32]) Moore's meter was radically separate from the English tradition; writing her syllabic poems after the advent offree verse, she was encouraged thereby to try previously unused meters.[33]
She credited the poetry ofEdith Sitwell as "intensifying her interest in rhythm and encouraging her rhythmic eccentricities".[2] In response to a biographical sketch in 1935, Moore indicated "a liking for unaccented rhyme, the movement of the poem musically is more important than the conventional look of lines upon the page, and the stanza as the unit of composition rather than the line".[3] Later in herSelected Poems of 1969, she also commented in regard to her poetic form, that "in anything I have written, there have been lines in which the chief interest is borrowed, and I have not yet been able to outgrow this hybrid method of composition".[34]
Moore often composed her poetry insyllabics; she used stanzas with a predetermined number of syllables as her "unit of sense", with indentation underlining the parallels, the shape of the stanza indicating the syllabic disposition, and her reading voice conveying the syntactical line.[35] These syllabic lines from "Poetry" illustrate her position: poetry is a matter of skill and honesty in any form whatsoever, while anything written poorly, although in perfect form, cannot be poetry:
…; nor is it valid
to discriminate against "business documents and
school-books": all these phenomena are important. One must make a distinction
however: when dragged into prominence by half poets, the result is not poetry
Moore translated the seventeenth-centuryFables of La Fontaine into English.[36]Hugh Kenner asserted that she had accomplished the task "with incomparable deftness."[37]
Though not as widely set to music as the work of other poets, there have been musical adaptations by several American composers, including pieces bySamuel Adler,William Bolcom,Juliana Hall,Lewis Spratlan, andVirgil Thomson.[38]
Moore was involved in the American suffrage movement starting in her university years at Bryn Mawr, from 1905 to 1909.[17] During this time in the American suffrage movement,Anna Howard Shaw had just taken over as president of theNational American Woman Suffrage Association;Harriot Stanton Blatch formed the Equality League of Self Supporting Women, which started the practice of suffrage parades; and soon (in 1910) women in the state of Washington were granted the right to vote.[39]
Moore's combined major in history, politics, and economics and the suffrage involvement of professors and other students at Bryn Mawr exposed her to the women's suffrage movement, especially because it was a "unique period in the history of women's college, as the values of progressivism, women's education, and the ideology of separate spheres came together in a kind of perfect storm that created a climate for cultural change".[40] Moore was involved in a "suffrage society",[41] a chapter of the National College Equal Suffrage League, and she was present at most of their events. Notably, Moore wrote in her personal letters to her family that she attended lectures at Bryn Mawr by the well-known feministJane Addams and the British suffragetteAnne Cobden-Sanderson. Of the American suffragist Anna Howard Shaw, she wrote: "Miss Shaw spoke last night on the Modern Democratic ideal. I couldn't say how she delighted me. No decent, half-kind, creature could possibly think of fighting suffrage if he or it had heard her arguments."[42]
Moore visited New York City in 1909 with another Bryn Mawr student, where she heard a lecture by the Colorado suffragist Judge Ben Lindsey, went to a suffrage mass meeting, and sawJ. M. Barrie's classic suffragist-themed playWhat Every Woman Knows.[41] There is speculation that Moore also participated in the women's suffrage parade of 1913 in Washington, D.C., one day beforeWoodrow Wilson's presidential inauguration.[41] Although in her personal letters[42] she told her brother, Warner, that she did not participate in the parade after he cautioned her about the possible dangers she would face from the opponents of the parade, "[h]er scrapbook includes programs and newspaper clippings about the march", and she later told the poetElizabeth Bishop that she "paraded with the suffragettes, led byInez Milholland on her white horse".[17]
Moore was never as public about her involvement in the suffrage movement after that parade in 1913, because afterward she began participating anonymously, mostly through writing, using a pseudonym.[41] During her stay in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, she admitted years later, she "wrote suffrage pieces for the Carlisle newspaper",[43] which at the time appeared to be authored anonymously. Dr. Mary Chapman (University of British Columbia) argues that Moore was the writer of suffragist writings of the time in Carlisle news publications and that could be analyzed by examining her specific writing style alongside suffragist prose and poetry that were published in theCarlisle Evening Herald in 1915: "Many of the prosuffrage articles that appeared in theHerald exhibit Moore's characteristic reliance on quotation."[41] Additionally, a letter appealing for the women's suffrage movement in theCarlisle Evening Sentinel is signed "Miss M.M.", which scholars believe could stand for Marianne Moore because "the absence of any other documented unmarried female suffragists in the Carlisle area with the initials M.M. make it likely that theSentinel reader who coyly constructs a letter to the editor almost entirely from quotation is Marianne Moore".[41] Moore's poem "Silence" (1924) also resembles the writing style that was seen in theSentinel letter.[41] Moore established herself on the surface as a modernist poet, and the common practice within the modernist circle of poets was to not engage with the politics of the time; but her writings displayed a "sophisticated political subtext".[41]
| 1922–1950 |
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| 1951–1975 |
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| 1976–2000 |
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| 2001–2025 |
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