There are 476 rivers in the Republic, with the Volga and itstributaries being the major water arteries. Most rivers are considered to be minor—10–50 m (33–164 ft) wide and 0.5–1.4 m (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 7 in) deep—and usually freeze between mid-November and mid-April. There are over 700 lakes and ponds; many located in the swampy areas and have areas of less than 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) and depths of 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in).Lake Yalchik, occupying 150 hectares (370 acres), is the largest by area, while Lake Tabashinskoye is the deepest. Swamps cover large areas—10–70 km2 (3.9–27.0 sq mi) and up to 100 km2 (39 sq mi)—and usually freeze in December. While swamps tend to be shallow, with an average depth of 0.5–1.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 11 in), they are impassable in fall and spring due to flooding.[citation needed]
Climate is moderatelycontinental, with moderately cold and snowy winters and warm and often rainy summers. The average temperatures range from 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in summer to −18 – −20 °C (0 – −4 °F) in winter. November is the windiest month of the year. Annualprecipitation varies from 450 to 500 mm (18 to 20 in).
There are virtually no natural resources of industrial significance in the Republic. Other resources includepeat,mineral waters, andlimestone. About 50% of the Republic's territory is forested, although the level of forestation varies significantly from one district to another.[citation needed]
Ancient Mari tribes were known since the 5th century, though archaeologists suspect that the Mari culture is much older in its roots. Later their area was a tributary ofVolga Bulgaria and theGolden Horde. In the 1440s it was incorporated into theKhanate of Kazan and was occupied by theTsardom of Russia (governed byIvan the Terrible) after the fall ofKazan in 1552.
After theRussian Revolution, under theBolshevik regime, theMari Autonomous Oblast was established on 4 November 1920. It was re-organized into theMari ASSR on 5 December 1936, at the same time as the enactment of the1936 Soviet Constitution. In its present form, the Mari El Republic was formed on 22 December 1990. On 21 May 1998, Mari El alongsideAmur,Ivanovo,Kostroma, andVoronezh Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[15] This agreement was abolished on 31 December 2001.[16]
The name of the republic is based on the ethnic self-designation of its indigenous population –Марий, "Mari" (fromмари, "man, husband"), andэл, "country, land".[17]
The head of government in the Mari El Republic is theHead (formerly President). As of 2017, the Head was Alexander Yevstifeyev, who was appointed in April 2017.[20]
The government of Mari El has been pursuing Russification in recent years, with the former head of the republic,Leonid Markelov, ordering manyMari language newspapers to close.[citation needed] Many ethnic Mari activists live in fear of violence. The Mari activist and chief editor Vladimir Kozlov was badly beaten after he criticized Markelov's government. Other Mari leaders have been subject to violence, legal persecution, and intimidation.[21]
TheMari people'snative religion, based on the worship of the forces of nature, has encountered hostility as well. Vitaly Tanakov was charged with inciting religious, national, social, and linguistic hatred after publishing the bookThe Priest Speaks.[22]
The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and the Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG), in an exhaustive 2006 reportRussian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El, found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people, and of "a broader trend of repression of dissidents in the republic".[23]
Though the Mari people have lived in the area for millennia, they did not have a designated territory before theRussian Revolution of 1917. According to the2021 Census, only 58.2% of the Mari within Russia live in the Mari El Republic, while 20.1% live in theRepublic of Bashkortostan (consisting of the Eastern Mari, who fled to Bashkorostan to escape religious persecution). During the last Soviet Census (1989), 4% of the Mari of the Soviet Union lived outside of Russia.
SinceWorld War II, more ethnic Russians and Tatars have moved into the area. According to the2021 Census,[27]Russians make up 52.5% of the republic's population (up from 47.4% in 2010), while the ethnicMari make up 40.1% (down from 43.9%). Other groups includeTatars (4.8%),Chuvash (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
162,138 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[28]
The religions with the most adherents in the republic areRussian Orthodoxy, theMari native religion, theOld Believers, andIslam. The traditional Mari religion (Chimari yula) is still practised today by many Mari people and is the main religion of the Mari of Bashkortostan; also practised is asyncretism withChristianity. The Czars took drastic measures to force Christianity on the Mari, going so far as blowing up a holy mountain, and thepersecution of the religion went on under theSoviet Union.
During the 1990s the religion was officially recognized by the State and began to revive. The Mari gather at around 520 holygroves where they offer animal and vegetable sacrifices, there are about 20 festivals yearly. Although traditional religion is one of Mari El's three officially recognized religions (along with Orthodoxy and Islam) Mari religious practises have come under increasing pressure, according to human rights groups.[31]
Symbol used by adherents of the Mari Native Religion.
According to a 2012 survey,[29] 47.8% of the population of Mari El adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church, 6–15% adheres to theMari native religion, 6% adheres toIslam, 4% areunaffiliated genericChristians, 1% areOld Believers and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without church affiliation or members of otherOrthodox churches. In addition, 25% of the population is "spiritual but not religious", 6% isatheist and 4.2% follows other religions or did not answer the question.[29]
The most important facilities of higher education areMari State Technical University andMari State University,[32] both located in Yoshkar-Ola. There are also more than 900 primary and secondary schools located throughout the republic.
For the past few years, the Mari El Republic has been participating in the national project "Education" ("Oбразование"), which is designed to improve education throughout Russia by bringing new technology into the classroom, improving material conditions in schools, and providing financial awards to extraordinary students and teachers. Although the Mari language is officially a state language, Mari educators and administrators have been forced from their positions in recent years and Mari-language education has been defunded, according to theU.S. State Department,[33] theEuropean Union, and others.[34]
The most developed industries are machine construction, metalworking, timber, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in the towns ofKozmodemyansk,Volzhsk, andZvenigovo.[citation needed]
Traveling cheaply and quickly to various towns and villages within the Republic is made possible through a network of fifteen train stations, fifty-three bus stations, and numerousmarshrutkas. The republic is connected to different regions throughout Russia by daily trains to and fromMoscow andKazan, flights on one commercial airline fromYoshkar-Ola Airport, located near Yoshkar-Ola, and a port on the Volga River in Kozmodemyansk. There are also four other minor river ports in the republic. Regional automobile code is 12.[citation needed]
There are many museums located throughout the territory of the republic. The largest ones include the National Museum, the Museum of History, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Yoshkar-Ola; the Museum of Arts and History, the Ethnographic Open-Air Museum, and the Merchant Life Museum in Kozmodemyansk; and the Sheremetyev Castle Museum-reserve in Yurino. There are also museums dedicated to the poet Nikolay Mukhin and the composer Ivan Klyuchnikov-Palantay in Yoshkar-Ola and the house-museum of writer Sergei Chavayn in Chavaynur.
The National Art Museum of the Mari El Republic
Five theaters are located in Yoshkar-Ola with performances in both the Russian and Mari languages.
^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Марийская правда", 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
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