 A map showing the location of Mare Imbrium | |
| Coordinates | 32°48′N15°36′W / 32.8°N 15.6°W /32.8; -15.6 |
|---|---|
| Diameter | 1,146 km (712 mi)[1] |
| Eponym | Sea of Showers or Sea of Rains |
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Mare Imbrium/ˈɪmbriəm/ (Latinimbrium, the "Sea of Showers" or "Sea of Rains") is a vastlava plain within the Imbrium Basin on theMoon and is one of thelarger craters in the Solar System. The Imbrium Basin formed from the collision of aproto-planet during theLate Heavy Bombardment. Basalticlava later flooded the giantcrater to form the flat volcanic plain seen today. The basin's age has been estimated usinguranium–lead dating methods to approximately 3.9 billion years ago, and the diameter of the impactor has been estimated to be 250 ± 25 km.[2] The Moon's maria (plural ofmare) have fewer features than other areas of the Moon because molten lava pooled in the craters and formed a relatively smooth surface. Mare Imbrium is not as flat as it would have originally been when it first formed as a result of later events that have altered its surface. Mare Imbrium was the location of the first roboticrover deployed on an extraterrestrial body.
Mare Imbrium formed when a proto-planet from the asteroid belt collided with the Moon during theLate Heavy Bombardment.[3] The impact is dated to approximately 3922 ± 12 million years ago, based onradiometric dating techniques.Ejecta from the impact covers large areas of the near side of the Moon.[4][5]
With a diameter of 1145 km, Mare Imbrium is second only toOceanus Procellarum in size among the maria, and it is the largest mare associated with an impact basin.
The Imbrium Basin is surrounded by three concentric rings of mountains, uplifted by the colossal impact event that excavated it. The outermost ring of mountains has a diameter of 1300 km and is divided into several different ranges; theMontes Carpatus to the south, theMontes Apenninus to the southeast, and theMontes Caucasus to the east. At their highest, the outer ring of mountains rise more than 5 km above the surface of Mare Imbrium.[6] The ring mountains are not as well developed to the north and west, and it appears they were simply not raised as high in these regions by the Imbrium impact. The middle ring of mountains forms theMontes Alpes andMontes Archimedes.The innermost ring, with a diameter of 650 km, is defined byMontes Recti,Montes Teneriffe, and possiblyMontes Spitzbergen. Much of this ring is submerged under the mare's basalt, resulting in only isolated peaks remaining in some areas, such asMons Pico andMons La Hire.
Numerous estimates of the depth of the mare material have been made using various methods. These include analyses of gravity, seismic, and radar data; studies of craters partially filled with basalt and those that have completely penetrated the mare; and comparisons of lunar basins filled with mare deposits to unfilled basins. These studies have yielded depth estimates ranging from 2 km[7]to 5 km[8] in the central part of the mare. It is thought that the original crater left by the Imbrium impact was as much as 100 km deep, but that the floor of the basin bounced back upwards immediately afterwards.
Surrounding the Imbrium Basin is a region blanketed byejecta from the impact, extending roughly 800 km outward. Also encircling the basin is a pattern of radial grooves called the "Imbrium Sculpture", which have been interpreted as furrows cut in the Moon's surface by large projectiles blasted out of the basin at low angles, causing them to skim across the lunar surface ploughing out these features. The sculpture pattern was first identified byGrove Karl Gilbert in 1893.[9] Furthermore, a Moon-wide pattern of faults which run both radial to and concentric to the Imbrium basin were thought to have been formed by the Imbrium impact; the event literally shattered the Moon's entirelithosphere. At the region of the Moon's surface exactly opposite Imbrium Basin, there is a region of chaotic terrain (the craterVan de Graaff) which is thought to have been formed when the seismic waves of the impact were focused there after travelling through the Moon's interior. Mare Imbrium is about 750 miles (1,210 km) wide.
Amass concentration (mascon), or gravitational high, was identified in the center of Mare Imbrium from Doppler tracking of the fiveLunar Orbiter spacecraft in 1968.[10] The Imbrium mascon is the largest on the Moon. It was confirmed and mapped at higher resolution with later orbiters such asLunar Prospector andGRAIL.
Like most of the other maria on the Moon, Mare Imbrium was named byGiovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.[11]
The earliest known name for the mare may be "The Shrine ofHecate";Plutarch records that theAncient Greeks gave this name to the largest of the "hollows and deeps" on the Moon, believing it to be the place where the souls of the deceased were tormented. Ewen A. Whitaker argues that this likely refers to Mare Imbrium, "the largest regular-shaped dark area unbroken by bright patches" that can be seen with the naked eye.[12]
Around 1600,William Gilbert made a map of the Moon that names Mare Imbrium "Regio Magna Orientalis" (the Large Eastern Region).Michael van Langren's 1645 map named it "Mare Austriacum" (the Austrian Sea).[13]
Mare Imbrium is visible to thenaked eye from Earth. In the traditional 'Man in the Moon' image seen on the Moon in Western folklore, Mare Imbrium forms the man's right eye.[14]
On 17 November 1970 at 03:47 Universal Time, the Soviet spacecraftLuna 17 made a soft landing in the mare, at latitude 38.28 N, and longitude 35.00 W. Luna 17 carriedLunokhod 1, the first roboticrover to be deployed on the Moon or any extraterrestrial body. Lunokhod 1, a remote-controlled rover, was successfully deployed and undertook a mission lasting several months.
In 1971, the crewedApollo 15 mission landed in the southeastern region of Mare Imbrium, betweenHadley Rille and theApennine Mountains. CommanderDavid Scott and Lunar Module PilotJames Irwin spent three days on the surface of the Moon, including 18½ hours outside the spacecraft on lunarextra-vehicular activity. Command Module PilotAlfred Worden remained in orbit and acquired hundreds of high-resolution photographs of Mare Imbrium (and other regions of the Moon) as well as other types of scientific data. The crew on the surface explored the area using the firstlunar rover andreturned to Earth with 77 kilograms (170 lb) of lunar surface material. Samples were collected fromMons Hadley Delta, believed to be a fault block of pre-Imbrian (Nectarian orPre-Nectarian) lunar crust, including the "Genesis Rock." This was also the only Apollo mission to visit a lunar rille, and to observe outcrops of lunar bedrock visible in the rille wall.[15]
On 17 March 2013, an object hit the lunar surface in Mare Imbrium and exploded in a flash ofapparent magnitude 4.[16] The resulting crater was 18 meters wide.[17] This was the brightest impact recorded since NASA's lunar impact team began monitoring in 2005.
Chang'e 3 landed on 14 December 2013 on Mare Imbrium, about 40 km south of the 6 km diameterLaplace F crater,[18][19] at 44.1260°N 19.5014°W.[19][20][21]The lander deployed theYutu rover 7 hours and 24 minutes later.[22] The Chang'e 3 mission attempted to perform the first direct measurement of the structure and depth of thelunar soil down to a depth of 30 m (98 ft), and investigate thelunar crust structure down to several hundred meters deep.[23] The rover's ground penetrating radar found evidence of at least nine distinctrock layers, indicating that the area had surprisingly complex geological processes and is compositionally distinct from the Apollo and Luna landing sites.[24][25]
