March 27, 1980:Alexander L. Kielland offshore platform (on the right),[1] before toppling and killing 123 employeesMarch 24, 1980: Archbishop of San Salvador Oscar Romero assassinated during MassMarch 23, 1980: Ixtoc I oil spill capped in Gulf of MexicoMarch 28, 1980: Possible tomb of Jesus discovered
Steven Stayner, kidnapped byKenneth Parnell seven years earlier from his home inMerced, California, appeared at a police station inUkiah after rescuing another kidnapped boy,Timmy White, who had been missing since February 13.[2] Stayner had been abducted on December 4, 1972.[3] Police arrested the kidnapper,Kenneth Eugene Parnell hours later at a Ukiah hotel where he was working as a night clerk.
For the first time in the history of theUnited Nations, the United States voted against Israel in a UN Security Council resolution. The Security Council unanimously adoptedUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 465, calling on Israel to dismantleIsraeli settlements in theWest Bank and other occupied territories, which Israel had acquired during theSix-Day War in 1967. U.S. AmbassadorDonald McHenry cast the vote on behalf of the United States, though acknowledging that dismantling would be impractical. A spokesman for Israel's Foreign Ministry responded, using its term for the West Bank, that "Settling inJudea and Samaria is not only our right but part of our security." The resolution, sponsored by Security Council temporary members Jordan and Morocco, came after Israel had allowed Jewish settlers to move into the occupied territory ofHebron.[4] U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter reversed the decision two days later, and U.S. Secretary of StateCyrus R. Vance blamed McHenry's vote on a "failure in communications."[5]
Iran's governingIslamic Revolutionary Council announced that it would allow a five-man United Nations commission to meet with the 50 American diplomats held captive at the besieged U.S. Embassy in Tehran.[10] Iran's leader, theAyatollah Khomeini had overruled the militant students who had earlier refused to allow the UN panel to meet the hostages.[11]
José Napoleón Duarte, in exile in Mexico since 1968, returned toEl Salvador and replaced Héctor Dada Hirezi on the five-memberRevolutionary Government Junta (Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno or JRG) and took office as the Central American nation's Foreign Minister.[12] By December 13, Duarte became the first President of the Junta.
TheAudi Quattro, a four-wheel drive sporting coupe, was launched in West Germany.[13]
The firstShowBiz Pizza Place restaurant opened inKansas City, Missouri, launched byRobert L. Brock, who had been a holder of aChuck E. Cheese Pizza Time Theatre franchise. In 1984, ShowBiz would acquire the Chuck E. Cheese stores and, in 1990, rename its restaurants with the Chuck E. Cheese brand name.
The controversial television showThat's Incredible!, which showcased people performing dangerous stunts, premiered on the ABC network in the U.S. and began a five-season run. It was hosted byJohn Davidson,Fran Tarkenton, andCathy Lee Crosby. Criticized as a copy of the popular NBC showReal People[14] or the 1950s seriesYou Asked for It the series captured its time slot on the first evening. As syndicated critic Peter J. Boyer noted about the stunts, the series opener was "a filmed feature on some guy who works with bees" who "let a bee sting him for the cameras, as everyone on stage gushed 'That's incredible!'". Boyer added "No one within microphone range offered 'That's Stupid!'"[15]
American tennis playerJohn McEnroe reached theATP's#1 player in the world ranking for the first time in his career.[16] Between 1980 and 1985, McEnroe would be the #1 ranked player on multiple occasions for 170 weeks out of 260.
A conspiracy, led by Pakistani Army Major GeneralTajammul Hussain Malik, to assassinate Pakistan's PresidentMuhammad Zia-ul-Haq during the annual March 23Pakistan Day Parade, was foiled.[17] Malik and his co-conspirators were sentenced to life imprisonment, but would be released after Zia's death in 1988.
The first civilian killings known as the "Río Negro massacres" took place in a chapel of theGuatemala village of El Oratorio, when members of the Guatemalan Army shot seven people identified as opponents to the construction of theChixoy Hydroelectric Dam.[18] Located on the banks of theRio Negro River in theBaja Verapaz Department, El Oratorio was one of the communities whose residents, mostly indigenousMaya peoples, theAchi, were forcibly relocated. According to a 2005 petition to theInter-American Commission on Human Rights, as many as 5,000 people were killed over a period of two years, most notably on March 13, 1982, when 440 men, women and children were shot in the village ofRío Negro.[19]
A little-known candidate, U.S. Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois, won theMassachusetts primary election for the Republican Party nomination, ahead of former U.S. RepresentativeGeorge Bush and former California GovernorRonald Reagan.[21]Teddy Kennedy, the U.S. Senator for Massachusetts, won 66% of the vote in his home state with twice as many votes as U.S. President Carter. Anderson would later run as a third-party candidate for the U.S. presidency.
The West German TV mystery series,Anderland premiered on the ZDF television network as an entertaining and informative program for children. It would run for 45 episodes until December 14, 1986.
Born:
Jeong Da-bin, South Korean TV actress (committed suicide, 2007)
Omar Bravo, Mexican soccer football forward and national team member, inLos Mochis
Died:Salim Lawzi, 57, Lebanese journalist and publisher of the weekly magazineAl Hawadeth, was found dead nine days after being kidnapped. He had probably died on February 28 or February 29.
Independent Sector, an American coalition of nonprofit organizations, foundations and corporate charities, was created by a merger of the Coalition of National Voluntary Organizations and the National Council of Philanthropy.[22]
After losing in the New Hampshire Primary, Tennessee U.S. SenatorHoward Baker became the first candidate to withdraw from the Republican race for the presidential nomination.[23]
Beyond Westworld premiered on CBS but ran for only three episodes before being canceled.[24] In its final showing on March 19, it finished 69th out of 69 shows in the Nielsen ratings.[25] It was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards, for art direction and for makeup.[26]
Edwin H. Land, who had founded thePolaroid company that was a major manufacturer of cameras and film, and a pioneer in self-developing photographs, resigned as its CEO after the corporation's loss of money from attempting to market thePolavision video camera system. Among the problems with Polavision was that, although films could be seen soon after they had been made, the film could not be reused.[27]
Barbara Brukalska, 80, Polish architect and exponent of functionalism
Park Heung-ju, 40, was shot by a firing squad, becoming the first of the co-conspirators to be executed for the October 26 assassination of PresidentPark Chung Hee. The other five would be hanged on May 24.
James Crocker known as Jimmy, also known as Unicorn Chef. Pro Chef Australia, Born on this day in Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Iran began the break off diplomatic relations with neighboringIraq, recalling its ambassador from the Iraqi capital,Baghdad, and expelling Iraq'a ambassador fromTehran.[35] The next day, Iraq announced that Iran's ambassador in Baghdad, Mohammed Duaei, waspersona non grata.[36] Both nations allowed relations to continue at thechargé d'affaires level. The two nations would go to war on September 22.
A group of 50,000 Brazilians gathered at the village ofCasimiro de Abreu after a local farmer had told a national TV audience that a flying saucer from Jupiter would land on his farm at dawn. The saucer did not arrive as scheduled, and the crowd dispersed peacefully.[39]
A plan to release the U.S. Embassy hostages in Iran was rejected by the Iranian students who were holding the diplomats hostage in Tehran.
Syrian troops killed more than 200 anti-government protesters in the northwest Syrian city ofJisr al-Shughur, after Ba'ath Party offices and Syrian Army barracks had been attacked earlier in the day. Helicopters loaded with troops landed in the city of about 45,000 people, and a door-to-door search of houses followed, with some agitators killed on site, and others arrested and brought before military tribunals.[41] Troops also killed 30 protesters inMa'arra and 16 inIdlib.[42]
Pedro Alonso López, a serial killer fromColombia who confessed to raping and strangling over 100 children over a seven-year period, was arrested inEcuador in the city ofAmbato.[43] López was picked up by police after attempting to kidnap a young girl in a market place. After being apprehended, he led police to the burial sites of 28 of his victims.[44]
TheBerber Spring, protests began against the government ofAlgeria by theBerber minority that makes up about one-fourth of Algeria's population, in their homeland, theKabylia region on the northeast coast. The triggering event was the cancellation of aKabyle language poetry reading by Mouloud Mammeri at theUniversity of Tizi Ouzou.[46][47][48]
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP-1), which had started TV broadcasting on March 7, 1957, introduced color television broadcasting to Portugal.
AtRancho Mirage, California, theNational Football League held its annual meeting, where 22 of the NFL's 28 teams voted unanimously against allowing theOakland Raiders to move toLos Angeles. The Raiders did not participate and the owners of five teams (Cincinnati, the Los Angeles Rams, Miami, Philadelphia and San Francisco) abstained.[49] Team ownerAl Davis announced that he reserved the right to ignore the vote and to move the team anyway, a move which would take place in 1982 after his suit against the league. In the years that followed the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles, then back to Oakland in 1995, then to Las Vegas in 2020. Six of the other teams in 1980 would relocate, and others would threaten to do so unless they received concessions from the cities where they operated.
Died:Dr.Herman Tarnower, 69, American cardiologist and dietician famous for the high-protein, low-fatScarsdale diet, was murdered by his former lover, school executive Jean Harris, who claimed that the death was an accident during her own suicide attempt
Thirty-six of the 43 crew on the Spanish oil tankerMVMaría Alejandra were killed when the ship broke apart after a natural gas explosion and sank within 40 seconds.[50] On its way from the Canary Islands to be filled with crude oil from the Persian Gulf, the ship went down 100 miles (160 km) west ofCap Blanc,Mauritania. With no time to put on life jackets, the seven survivors jumped into the ocean and hung on to floating debris, long enough to be rescued by a Greek-registered frigateLuehesand.[51]
Papua New Guinea
Michael Somare, the first Prime Minister ofPapua New Guinea, resigned after losing a vote of confidence, 57 to 49, in the south Pacific nation's National Parliament.[52] He was succeeded byJulius Chan. Somare would become Prime Minister again in 1982.
Serial killerJohn Wayne Gacy was convicted of 33 counts of murder of young men and boys between 1972 and 1978. A jury inChicago deliberated for 1 hour and 50 minutes before finding him guilty.[54] The jury recommended a death sentence[55] Gacy would be executed by lethal injection on May 10, 1994.[56]
TheSociété Nationale des Hydrocarbures (SNH), the government-owned oil and gas company for the West African nation of Cameroon, was established to work with foreign oil companies to manage the sale of the nation's petroleum and natural gas resources.[58]
Died:Jay Anson, 58, American novelist who wrote the bestsellerThe Amityville Horror; following complications from heart surgery
InState of Indiana v. Ford Motor Company, a jury inWinamac, Indiana acquitted the automaker in the first criminal trial in the U.S. of a corporation for homicide.Ford Motor Company was found not guilty of manslaughter in the deaths of three teenaged females from a product defect in itsFord Pinto economy cars.[59] On August 11, 1978, Judy Ulrich, her sister and her cousin had died in a fiery crash after her 1973Ford Pinto economy car had been struck from behind by another car. Although a conviction would have carried a maximum penalty of a $10,000 fine for each count, the evidence developed in the trial established Ford's knowledge of the defect in the design and placement of its gasoline tanks.
All 87 people on boardLOT Polish Airlines Flight 7, including the 14-member U.S. amateurboxing team and 42 citizens ofPoland, were killed when the flight from New York crashed short of the runway during an emergency landing attempt atWarsaw.[60] TheIlyushin Il-62 jet airliner had departed New York City the night before at 9:18.[61] A turbine disc on the jet had failed, from metal fatigue, in the number 2 engine of theIlyushin Il-62, causing the engine to fall apart.[62] Debris then damaged the jet's rudder and its elevator control lines, causing it to dive into the ground 800 metres (2,600 ft) from the runway at 11:14 in the morning local time[63] The main part of the fuselage fell into a 14 foot (4.3 m) deep pond that had been frozen over.
Thefirst round of voting for theMajlis, the 270-memberIslamic Consultative Assembly that served as Iran's Parliament. A second round, for seats that had no candidate receiving 50% or more of the vote, took place on May 9.
U.S. President Carter signed legislation abolishing three federal government agencies whose existence was no longer necessary. The 188-year-oldUnited States Assay Commission, formed in 1792 to supervise the testing of gold and silver in U.S. Mint coins, had served no purpose after the passage of the Gold Reserve Act of 1934 and the Coinage Act of 1965, and as Carter noted, "the United States no longer produces gold or silver coins of equivalent value." The U.S. Marine Corps Memorial Commission had continued to exist even after it had completed its plan to create a plan for a memorial inChicago'sGrant Park, and the Low-Emission Vehicle Certification Board, created to certify low-emission federal government vehicles, had been superseded by the Electric and Hybrid Research & Development Demonstration Act of 1976.[65]
Died:
Anna Jantar, 29, Polish singer, in the crash of LOT Flight 007 on her way home from her U.S. tour
TheBoston Globe inadvertently ran one of the most famous headline mistakes in U.S. history, when aneditorial on economic proposals by U.S. presidentJimmy Carter, supposed to be titled "All Must Share the Burden", carried the headline "Mush from the Wimp" instead in its early edition.Globe editorial writer Kirk Scharfenberg, who would later become the deputy managing editor, took the blame for the mistake and would note later, "I meant it as an in-house joke and thought it would be removed before publication. It appeared in 161,000 copies of the Globe the next day."[66] TheGlobe corrected the blunder in the second print run of the day, and apologized three days later with a statement at the bottom of page 14 of its Tuesday editorial page, writing "The first editions of last Saturday's Globe carried a headline on the lead editorial that was inappropriate and not intended for publication. In later editions the editorial, which supported President Carter's new initiatives on the economy, was titled, 'All must share the burden.'"[67]
Former U.S. PresidentGerald R. Ford announced that he would not run for the Republican Party nomination for the 1980 U.S. presidential election,[68] reversing earlier comments that he didn't believe that front-runnerRonald Reagan would be able to defeat President Carter.[69]
The nuclear-powered aircraft carrierUSSCarl Vinson was launched from the shipyard atNewport News, Virginia. For the first time since 1900, the U.S. Navy named a vessel for a living person, and retired U.S. CongressmanCarl Vinson of Georgia, 96 years old, was present for the launch. During his Congressional tenure from 1914 to 1965, Vinson had successfully marshaled support for building new warships for the Navy with theVinson-Trammell Act of 1934, theNaval Act of 1938 and theTwo-Ocean Navy Act of 1940.[70]
TheCircle K Sunkus chain of Japanese convenience stores began with the opening of the first "Circle K" store in Japan, located in theTenpaku-ku ward of the city ofNagoya. Four months later, on July 23, the first "Sunkus" store opened at theAoba-ku ward ofSendai. The chains would merge in 2004 as Circle K Sunkus and would be rebranded in 2016 as part of theFamilyMart chain.
Voters in thePenobscot Indian Nation voted, 234 to 113,[71] to accept a proposed settlement of $81,500,000 to drop further claims for 12,500,000 acres of land 19,531 square miles (50,590 km2), almost two-thirds of the 30,862 square miles (79,930 km2) of land in the U.S. state ofMaine.[72]
In an upset victory,Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. defeated defending championNottingham Forest F.C., 1 to 0, before a crowd of 96,527 spectators at Wembley Stadium to winThe Football League Cup championship. Nottingham Forest was the defending European Cup champion and was expected to easily win its third consecutive League Cup.Andy Gray scored the winning goal in the 67th minute, after Nottingham goalkeeperPeter Shilton collided with his teammate,David Needham.[73]
Closed captioning was first shown on a television program in the United States. The first program to use captioning (visible through the Telecaption adapter sold bySears for $249.95 for regular TV sets) wasDisney's Wonderful World on NBC at 7:00 p.m., a showing of the 1963 filmSon of Flubber. ABC debuted captioning with theABC Sunday Night Movie (the 1978 filmForce 10 from Navarone). The ABC and NBC networks initially offered five hours per week each of captioned programming, and the PBS network began with four (starting on March 18 withMasterpiece Theatre), with plans to increase to 10½ by July. The CBS network elected not to participate, arguing that the decoding equipment would soon become obsolete.[74]
Only seven days after taking office as the first woman Mayor ofSt. Albans, Vermont, Janet L. Smith was fatally wounded by a handyman who lived in the Smith house.[75] Smith, the only female mayor in the state of Vermont, died the next day after several hours of surgery.[76]
Died:Neville D'Souza, 47, India soccer football team striker in the 1956 Olympic Games; from a brain hemorrhage.
InSan Salvador, militant leftists barricaded themselves inside theNational University of El Salvador as the Salvadoran Army closed in. According to the Salvadoran government, 53 people were killed in the first 24 hours of fighting.[77]
The United Kingdom House of Commons voted, 315 to 147, in favor of a nonbinding resolution urging the UK Olympic team to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.[78]
One of the hostages escaped from the siege of the Dominican Republic's Embassy in Colombia by tying together bedsheets and climbing out a window. Uruguay's ambassador, Fernando Gomez, suffered only bruises from a fall after his bedsheet rope broke after he had climbed halfway down the building, and despite being shot at by the guerrillas.[79]
Forty-five Soviet Army soldiers were killed at thePlesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia, when aVostok-2M rocket exploded on its launch pad during a fueling operation. News of the disaster was suppressed, and would not be revealed worldwide until nearly 10 years later.[81] Russian TV viewers would not be informed about the disaster until the year 2000.[82]
In the case ofRummel v. Estelle, theUnited States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the most harshhabitual offender law in the United States, ruling, 5 to 4 that life imprisonment without parole was not "cruel and unusual punishment", even for minor theft.[83] Under a law in the state ofTexas, three felony convictions qualified for a mandatory life sentence. In three separate crimes over nine years, William James Rummel had obtained less than $230. On October 3, Rummel would obtain a new trial after a ruling that he had received ineffective assistance from his attorneys, and he would be released under a plea bargain reducing his sentence to time served.
Frank Gotti, 12, the son of New York mobsterJohn Gotti, was accidentally killed inHoward Beach, New York, after riding aminibike into the path of a car driven by a neighborhood resident,John Favara. Although Favara was cleared of responsibility by police investigators, he was kidnapped on July 28 and would never be seen again, apparently murdered by Gotti'sGambino crime family.
U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter invitedIsrael's Prime MinisterMenahem Begin andEgypt's PresidentAnwar Sadat to return to theWhite House in separate discussions on creating an autonomous Palestinian Arab homeland on the West Bank and Gaza. In the Camp David Accords signed in 1979, the two nations had agreed upon a deadline of May 26, 1980, to decide on a plan.[84]
Born:Johan Olsson, Swedish cross-country skier and Olympic gold medalist; inSkultuna
At 3:47 in the afternoon in the U.S. state ofWashington,Mount St. Helens resumed volcanic activity after being dormant for 123 years.[88] The first event was a minor 4.2 magnitude earth tremor below its north side, detected by an observatory inNewport, Washington.[89] Located less than 12 miles fromCougar, Washington inSkamania County, the volcano vented steam on March 27 and steadily increased its activity, ending with a massive eruption on May 18 that would kill 57 people.
Thefirst elections were held for the Parliament of the newly autonomous community ofCatalonia inSpain.[91] Catalonia, like the Basque Country and Galicia, was one of the three autonomous "nationality" communities among the 17 provided for in the 1978 constitutional reform.
MV Mi Amigo, the ship housingpirate radio stationRadio Caroline, sank off the English coast, after its anchor chain broke and it ran aground on a sandbank during a broadcast.[92] The lifeboatHelen Turnbull rescued the crew of four beforeMi Amigo went down in waters 16 feet (4.9 m) deep. From March 8, 1961, until the 1980 disaster, the ship had operated outside of British territorial waters to serve various pirate radio stations. Radio Caroline would return on August 19, 1983, on a new host ship,MVRoss Revenge.
The U.S. television showDallas set up a mystery that would captivate TV audiences around the world with its final episode of the season, raising the question of "Who shot J.R.?".[93] The episode itself, which set a precedent forcliffhanger endings for a TV season, was called"A House Divided". For the next eight months, viewers debated (and placed bets on) the answer to the mystery of who shot the star character ofDallas,J. R. Ewing (portrayed byLarry Hagman. On November 21, 1980, an estimated 83,000,000 viewers in the U.S. would watch the 1980–81 season premiere to learn the answer, the largest audience up to that time for an episode of a television series.
Currency returned to the southeast Asian nation ofCambodia, five years after the former CommunistKhmer Rouge government had created a "moneyless society" as part of itsDemocratic Kampuchea revolution and required all residents to give and receiverice in payment for goods and services.[94][95]Heng Samrin, the Vietnamese-installed President of Cambodia announced that theCambodian riel would be re-established as Cambodia's national currency on April 1, with a nominal exchange rate of four riels for a U.S. dollar.
Angelo Bruno, the 69-year old organized crime boss of theSouth Philadelphia mob since 1959, was murdered while sitting in a car in front of his house at 934 Snyder Avenue.[96] Bruno's bodyguard had driven Bruno home from Cous' Little Italy restaurant, and at 9:50 in the evening, a man stepped up to the passenger side window, placed a sawed-off shotgun behind Bruno's right ear and fired one shot.[97] The mob hit began a 4-year long war between rival gangs that would claim 28 lives between 1980 and 1985, including Bruno's successor,Philip Testa, in 1981.[98] The day before, Bruno had resumed answering questions before the New Jersey State Commission of Investigation.[99]
Born:
Marit Bjørgen, Norwegian cross-country skier, World Championship and Olympic gold medalist; inTrondheim
Ronaldinho (Ronaldo de Assis), Brazilian soccer football midfielder and national team member; inPorto Alegre
TheGrand National Assembly of Turkey and the Turkish Senate met in joint session to vote for a successor to PresidentFahri Korutürk, whose 7-year term of office was set to expire on April 6. The session adjourned because nobody wanted to run for the office.[100]
After nearly 10 months of leaking petroleum into theGulf of Mexico, theIxtoc I oil spill was finally capped by engineers of Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), Mexico's government-operated oil company, who sealed the well by pouring gallons ofcement into it, under pressure, to form three plugs. Two relief wells added to the main well had lowered the oil pressure enough by May 21 to begin the final three deposits to create cement plugs, starting at 4:00 in the afternoon. The first batch of 200 sacks wet cement was pushed to a depth of 5,140 feet (1,570 m) below the sea floor and hardened into a 685 foot (209 m) plug. After a second plug was sent to a depth of 4,923 feet (1,501 m), the third and final plug was poured shortly before midnight to a depth of 4,431 feet (1,351 m)[107] forming a mass 1,650 feet (500 m) long.[108] The offshore well had been spilling oil since a blowout on June 3, 1979, and placed 3.3 million barrels (138,600,000 U.S. gallons or 524,650,000 liters) of oil, the largest amount in history up to that time.
TheTotonero scandal, a match-fixing scheme implicating 27 players in Italy's top two levels of professional soccer football (Serie A andSerie B), was revealed partway through the season after two investors filed a complaint with the national prosecutor. Eleven players of defending Italian Serie A champion,A.C. Milan were arrested in their locker room after their 1–0 win over visitingTorino, along with the club president, Felice Colombo.[109] Four players forS.S. Lazio were arrested at the end of the matches played that day. Eight of the 16 Serie A clubs were implicated, and although the accused players were acquitted, five of the Serie A teams were penalized at the end of the1979–1980 season. Notably, A.C. Milan (which had won the 1978–79 championship and had finished in third place in the standings with 14 wins and 8 losses) were relegated to the second-division Serie B, a fate normally reserved for the three teams with the worst records. Lazio, finishing 13th out of the 16 teams, were demoted as well.[citation needed]
With only two nations in the world ready to bring him within their borders, the formerShah of Iran ended 100 days of exile onPanama'sContadora Island and flew with his family toEgypt in order to receive surgery. The Shah departed Panama City on a chartered DC-8 jetliner operated byEvergreen International Airlines, a contractor for the American CIA.[111] Since leaving Iran on January 16, 1979, the Shah had lived in Morocco, the Bahamas, Mexico, the United States and, since December 15, in Panama. The Shah's arrival in New York City on October 22 had triggered theIran Hostage Crisis.
Single candidateelections were held in Poland for approval of the 460 seats in theSejm, Poland's parliament, but for the first time, secret balloting was allowed. "A surprisingly high proportion" of voters chose the option of going into curtained booths in order to strike out the names of candidates they didn't want, although, as a UPI report noted, "The orthodox thing to do was to drop the slips without any changes into a ballot box."[112] ThePolish United Workers' Party (PUWP), the nation's Communist Party led by First SecretaryEdward Gierek, had allotted itself 261 seats, while approving the candidates for other 169 seats for theUnited People's Party (ZSL) and the Democratic Alliance (SD).
Óscar Romero, the Roman CatholicArchbishop of San Salvador, was assassinated by a gunman while celebrating eveningMass at the chapel of the Divine Provincence Hospital inEl Salvador's capital. When Romero elevated thechalice of wine for theConsecration, a .22 caliber bullet was fired into his chest by the assassin.[114] Although nobody would ever be convicted of the crime, a United Nations Commission concluded that the killing was ordered byRoberto D'Aubuisson, the leader of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA). Romero would be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint on October 14, 2018.
In the U.S., the ABC news programNightline, hosted byTed Koppel, premiered at 11:30 at night.Nightline was a continuation ofAmerica Held Hostage, Koppel's nightly special reports about theIran hostage crisis that had started on November 8.[115]
Delegates of theBritish Olympic Association voted to send a team to the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, declining to joining the boycott of the games.
U.S. SenatorTeddy Kennedy won his first challenge against President Carter for the Democratic Party nomination, winning the primary elections inNew York andConnecticut.[117]
The unmanned Soviet transport spacecraftSoyuz T-1 returned to Earth, two days after being undocked by remote control from theSalyut 6 space station.[118] T-1 had docked successfully with the station on December 19.
An attempt by the three Hunt brothers to own most of the world's silver failed after Texas billionaireNelson Bunker Hunt announced inParis that he and four investors planned to issue bonds for sale, backed by their combined holdings of 200 million ounces of silver.[119] Hunt's partners in the venture were introduced as Prince Faysal Ben Abdallah al-Saud, Sheik Mohammed al Amoudi and Mahmoud Fustok of Saudi Arabia, and Naji Nahas of Brazil. The next day, the price of silver (which had reached a record of $53 per ounce in January before sliding to $17.50) dropped steeply when the London Commodities Exchange opened, and fell to $10.50 at the New York Comex.[120]
Born:Sammy Flex (stage name for Samuel Atuobi Baah), Ghanaian journalist, newspaper editor and TV show host.
The 3.05 mi (4.91 km)Eikefet Tunnel, at the time the longest road tunnel inNorway, was opened to motorists on Norway's highwayE39. Rated as one of the most unsafe tunnels in Europe, the route was bored through Mount Kjellrusen between the villages of Eikefet and Odnåstjørni.
Thirty-one miners were killed in the plunge of an elevator, more than a mile down a shaft atSouth Africa'sVaal Reefs gold mine. The group— 28 black and three white miners— had boarded a double decker elevator cage and were being lowered when one of the supporting cables broke. The elevator plunged roughly 6,200 feet — 1.2 miles (1.9 km) — killing everyone on board, and the 12-foot (3.7 m) high cage was compressed to a height of less than 12 inches (300 mm) on impact. While the death toll was originally reported as 23,[123] 31 bodies were identified from the wreckage.[124]
The first (and only)Aston Martin Bulldog, intended to be one of thefastest production cars ever, was introduced to the public at the English village ofAston Clinton inBuckinghamshire. Although the Aston Martin company planned to build 25 of the vehicles, the company would shelve the project in 1981. The company claimed that the car was capable of a speed of 237 miles per hour (381 km/h). In time trials in 1979, it had been timed at 192 miles per hour (309 km/h).
TheAlexander L. Kielland, anaccommodation platform built offshore as living quarters for oil company employees working on the Edda 2/7C oil rig, collapsed during a storm in theNorth Sea, killing 123 of the 212 people there.[125] At 6:30 in the evening local time, the rig tilted 30° as five of the six anchor cables on one of its supports, trapping many of the workmen in their rooms, in a dining hall and in a theater where some were watching a film. Over the next 23 minutes, the rig continued to tilt until the final cable snapped. The disaster would be traced to metal fatigue in one of the six bracings and a crack that had started from "a 14-inch hole drilled in the brace to accommodate ahydrophone."[126]
TheSilver Thursday market crash occurred in the United States commodity markets after brothersNelson Bunker Hunt,William Herbert Hunt andLamar Hunt attempted tocorner the silver market, after months of buying and selling usingfutures to pay a particular price for silver on a future date.[127][128] The day before, theTiffany's jewelry store chain took out a full-page ad inThe New York Times, condemning the Hunt Brothers and stating, "We think it is unconscionable for anyone to hoard several billion, yes billion, dollars' worth of silver and thus drive the price up so high that others must pay artificially high prices for articles made of silver."
TheTalpiot Tomb, claimed in a 2007 documentary to be "The Lost Tomb of Jesus", was discovered by construction workers who were excavating a site to build an apartment complex inEast Jerusalem.[129][130] Identified by archaeologists as a Jewish family tomb that existed during the time of theSecond Temple (between 516 BC and 70 AD), the tomb had sixossuary caskets, including one that appeared to be inscribed with the name "Yeshua bar Yehosef", a reference to "Jesus, son ofJoseph".
A stolen Havana transit bus crashed through the gates of the Peruvian Embassy in Cuba, carrying a group of Cubans anxious to flee the country and starting the events that would lead to theMariel Boatlift.[131][132] By April 1, there were 24 asylum-seekers on the embassy grounds after a second bus crashed the embassy and a Cuban guard was killed. After the Cuban government withdrew its protection on April 4, over 10,000 Cuban citizens occupied the embassy's grounds and the Cuban government announced that it would grant diplomatic protection to the occupiers and would allow them to peacefully emigrate.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the deposed Shah ofIran, received cancer surgery inEgypt, delayed for several months after he was ordered to leave the United States and a week after Houston surgeon Dr.Michael DeBakey had concluded that facilities inPanama were inadequate.[133] Upon removing the Shah's cancerous spleen, surgeons found that the cancer had spread to his liver. The Shah died four months later, on July 27.
"Strawberry Shortcake", a cartoon character originally invented in 1973 by theAmerican Greetings card company and theKenner toy company to sell merchandise, was introduced to young girls with "The World of Strawberry Shortcake", a 30-minute syndicated program, seen on 90 U.S. television stations. The cartoon was popular enough that five sequels, each telecast in the spring, were produced, followed by a television series.
Died:
Dick Haymes, 61, Argentine-born American actor and singer
Iraq andIran fought their first border skirmish, ultimately leading to the eight-year long Iran-Iraq War. Iraq's state-operated Radio Baghdad gave no details but said that Iranian aggression took place at an Iraqi border post and that, after encountering resistance, the Iranians "fled with their tails between their legs."[134]
Pars News Agency, the state-controlled Iranian press organization, alleged thatU.S. President Carter had offered to apologize to Iran in return for the release of the U.S. Embassy hostages, and released the text of what it said was a "text of a conciliatory message" sent on March 26 from President Carter to theAyatollah Khomeini, and read a text over state radio at 9:00 in the evening local time.[135][136][137] According to the text, Carter said that "a very sensitive international situation... made us all make mistakes in the past" and that "The great advantage of American democracy is that it always could recognize its mistakes or condemn them." White House Press SecretaryJody Powell told reporters, "The president has sent no message to Khomeini. Period."
Annunzio Paolo Mantovani, 74, Italian-born British classical composer and recording artist known simply as "Mantovani"
Vicente López Carril, 37, Italian cyclist who won various stages of several Grand Tours (including three stages of theTour de France); from a heart attack suspected to be a consequence of performance-enhancing drug use
TheTony Award winning playChildren of a Lesser God, the first major theatrical production to feature adeaf actor in the leading role, began a successful run onBroadway. Critics' reactions were mixed.Walter Kerr of theNew York Times called the play "the season's unexpected find"[138] whileDouglas Watt of New York'sDaily News said of authorMark Medoff's approach to the problems of the deaf, "His concern and understanding are clear, but he hasn't bothered to present their story in any but the most elementary dramatic terms. Instead, he has relied on our obvious sympathies and the novelty of his subject to carry the evening..."[139]
Delegates of theCanadian Olympic Committee voted to send a team to the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, declining to joining the boycott of the games.
current Syrian flag
Syria changed itsflag for the fifth time in 34 years since becoming independent in 1946, after changes made in 1958, 1961, 1963 and 1972. The sixth flag, which was a return to the flag it had adopted in 1958, has remained theSyrian Arab Republic's banner for more than 40 years.
For the first time,West Germany andEast Germany simultaneously set their clocks ahead one hour in the spring to observe forCentral European Summer Time (similar to the advancement of clocks in North America fordaylight saving time). West Germany's government had voted in 1978 to reintroduce summer time, but had waited until an agreement could be reached with East Germany on simultaneous implementation.
Ton Duc Thang
Died:
Ton Duc Thang, 91, the oldest president in the world. He had succeededHo Chi Minh as President ofNorth Vietnam in 1969, and unified Vietnam from 1976 onward. Ton was succeeded by Vice PresidentNguyen Huu Tho, who had administeredSouth Vietnam after the conquest of that nation to by North Vietnam in 1975.
David Sharpe, 70, American film actor and stuntman
U.S. President Carter signed theDepository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act into law, giving theFederal Reserve System authority to set rules for all banks, whether members or not; raising the deposit insurance on banks from $40,000 to $100,000; allowing institutions to compete on loan interest rates; deregulatingsavings and loan associations; and allowing, effective January 1, nationwide use of theNOW Account, an account that could pay interest on deposits but would still allow unlimited withdrawal of the deposits through the use of aNegotiableOrder ofWithdrawal.[140][141]
The bankruptChicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, commonly called "The Rock Island", operated its final train, bearing freight that was unloaded atDenver. Its assets, including tracks, cars and equipment, and land, were liquidated by being sold to other railroad companies, raising more than $500,000,000 to pay off creditors at full value along with interest.[143]
TheAerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) of theU.S. Air Force was permanently deactivated, after its functions and equipment had been transferred to four other USAF commands.
^"Anderson Does Well in Vt. and Mass.",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 5, 1980, p1
^Olivier Zunz,Philanthropy in America: A History (Princeton University Press, 2014) p242
^"Baker First To Drop Out On GOP Side",Sacramento (CA) Bee, March 6, 1980, p1
^"Series bites dust in three weeks",Akron (O.) Beacon Journal, March 30, 1980, p27
^"CBS gaining ground on ABC in ratings",Austin (TX) American-Statesman, March 30, 1980, p29
^"'Lou Grant', 'MASH', Emmy Nominees", August 8, 1980, pVI-16
^"Land quits a top post; still Polaroid chairman",Boston Globe, March 7, 1980, p1
^"Militants to Transfer Control of Hostages To Iranian Council",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 7, 1980, p1
^"Militants Make New Hostage Demands",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 8, 1980, p1
^"Bogota Terrorists Release Austrian In Embassy Siege",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 7, 1980, p1
^"Paper Lists Dozens of Alleged CIA Agents Abroad",Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1980, p19
^Nicholas Anderson,NOC Twice: More UK Non-Official Cover Operations (MIURA!, 2019) p123
^Leslie Woodhead,How the Beatles Rocked the Kremlin: The Untold Story of a Noisy Revolution (A&C Black, 2013) pp85-86
^"Rockin' down the Mainline: Rock Music during the Construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway (BAM), 1974-1984", by Christopher J. Ward, inYouth and Rock in the Soviet Bloc: Youth Cultures, Music, and the State in Russia and Eastern Europe, by William Jay Risch (Lexington Books, 2014) p260
^"Liver Transplantation with Use of Cyclosporin a and Prednisone", by Thomas E. Starzl, Göran B. G. Klintmalm, M.D., et al.,New England Journal of Medicine, July 30, 1981, pp266-269
^Patrick Seale,Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East (University of California Press, 1990) p.327
^"Somare out after no-confidence vote",Sydney Morning Herald, March 12, 1980, p1
^Kwandiwe Kondlo,In the Twilight of the Revolution: The Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa) 1959-1994 (Basler Afrika Bibliographien, 2009) p212
^"Gacy Convicted in 33 Sex Killings",Los Angeles Times, March 13, 1980, p1
^"Gacy sentenced to death",Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1980, p1
^"All appeals fail; Gacy is executed",Chicago Tribune, May 10, 1994, p1
^"A Brief Background of the Fuschl Conversations", by Alexander Laszio, inSystems: from science to practice: Proceedings of the Nineteenth IFSR Conversation 2018 (IFSR, 2019) p10
^Michael Hardy,Gliders and Sailplanes of the World (Ian Allan Co., 1982) p155
^"Federal Agency Reorganization— Statement on Signing", inPublic Papers of the Presidents: Jimmy Carter, January 1 to May 23, 1980 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981) p483
^"Money back in Cambodia",Port Clinton (O.) News Herald, March 22, 1980, p2
^"Angelo Bruno Killed— Mob chieftain is shotgunned outside home",Philadelphia Inquirer, March 22, 1980, p1
^Martin Short,The Rise of the Mafia: The Definitive Story of Organized Crime (John Blake Publishing, 2009)
^"Organized Crime: History and Historiography", by Alan A. Block, inHandbook of Organized Crime in the United States, ed. by Robert J. Kelly, et al. (Greenwood Press, 1994) p47
^"Reputed crime boss Bruno in 2-hour session with SCI",Philadelphia Inquirer, March 21, 1980, p2
^"Lack of candidates delays presidential vote in Turkey",Arizona Republic (Phoenix), March 22, 1980, p23
^Dominic Sandbrook,Mad as Hell: The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right (Anchor Books, 2012) pp368-369
^"Chad Fighting Breaks Out Again",Arizona Daily Sun (Flagstaff AZ), March 23, 1980, p1
^Jeffrey S. Dixon and Meredith Reid Sarkees,Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014 (SAGE, 2015) p633
^Mario Azevedo,Chad: A Nation In Search Of Its Future (Taylor & Francis, 2019)
^"Mysterious granite monument unveiled",Greenville (SC) News, March 23, 1980, p2
^Simcha Jacobovici and Charles Pellegrino,The Jesus Family Tomb: The Discovery, the Investigation, and the Evidence That Could Change History (Harper Collins, 2007) pp3-12
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