Maramureș County is situated in the northern part of Romania, in thehistorical region ofTransylvania, and has a border withUkraine. This county has a total area of 6,304 square kilometres (2,434 sq mi), of which 43% is covered by theRodna Mountains, with its tallest peak,Pietrosul [ro], at 2,303 metres (7,556 ft) altitude.
Together with theGutâi andȚibleș mountain ranges, the Rodna mountains are part of theEastern Carpathians. The rest of the county are hills, plateaus, and valleys. The county is crossed byTisa River and its main tributaries: theIza,Vișeu, andMara rivers.
Maramureș is known for its pastoral and agricultural traditions, largely unscathed by theindustrialisation campaign carried out during Romania'scommunist period. Ploughing, planting, harvesting, and hay making and handling are mostly done throughmanual labour. The county is also home to a strong mining industry of extraction of metals other than iron. The industrial plants built aroundBaia Mare during the communist period heavily polluted the area in the past, but recently, due to the decline of the city's industrial activity, the area has become less polluted.
The region is known for its beautiful rural scenery, local small woodwork and craftwork industry as well as for its churches and original rural architecture. There are not many paved roads in the rural areas, but most of them are usually accessible.
The territory was part of theKingdom of Hungary from the 11th century and was nominally divided between theGyepű border region.
In 1199, the region is first attested.
In 1241 the Tatar invasion decimated about half of the local population.
In the 14th century, Duke (knyaz)Bogdan of Maramureș crossed the Carpathians and founded the Principality ofMoldavia. In 1343, theVoivodeship of Maramureș, led by a Romanian nobility, is established, and it lasts until 1402.
In the Middle Ages, the historical region ofMáramaros county (Maramureș) was known for its salt mines and later for its lumber.
After the administrative unification law in 1925, the county remained as it was, with an identical name and territory.
In 1938,KingCarol II promulgated a newConstitution, and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. Tenținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled byrezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") – appointed directly by the king – instead of theprefects. Maramureș County became part ofȚinutul Crișuri.
In August 1940, under the auspices ofNazi Germany, which imposed theSecond Vienna Award, the county was transferred back toHungary with the rest ofNorthern Transylvania. In October 1944, Romanian forces withSoviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania, re-establishing the county. Romanian jurisdiction over the county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in theParis Peace Treaties, 1947. The counties of Romania, including Maramureș, were disestablished by thecommunist government of Romania in 1950 in favour ofregions, and re-established in 1968 when Romania restored the county administrative system.
According to the 1930 census, the county's population was 194,619, 57.9% Romanian, 20.9% Jews, 11.9% Ruthenians (including Ukrainians), 6.9% Hungarians, 2.0% Germans, as well as other minorities.[7] The following composition was recorded from the religious point of view: 64.4% Greek Catholic, 21.0% Jewish, 6.4% Roman Catholic, 5.3% Eastern Orthodox, 1.8% Reformed, as well as other minorities.[7]
In 1930 the county's urban population ethnically consisted of 38.6% Jews, 35.4% Romanians, 19.9% Hungarians, 4.5% Ruthenians (including Ukrainians), as well as other minorities. Yiddish was spoken by 36.6% of the urban population, followed by Romanian (33.7%), Hungarian (25.7%), Ukrainian (2.3%), as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban inhabitants were Jewish (38.9%), Greek Catholics (38.0%), Roman Catholics (12.8%), Reformed (5.7%), Eastern Orthodox (3.5%), as well as other minorities.[7]
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