Maragheh | |
|---|---|
City | |
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  Maragheh | |
| Coordinates:37°23′22″N46°14′16″E / 37.38944°N 46.23778°E /37.38944; 46.23778[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | East Azerbaijan |
| County | Maragheh |
| District | Central |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Ali Nezhadabyaz (acting)[2] |
| • Parliament | Ali Alizadeh[3] |
| Population (2016)[4] | |
• Total | 175,255 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Website | www |
Maragheh (Persian:مراغه)[a] is a city in theCentral District ofMaragheh County,East Azerbaijan province,Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[6] Maragheh is on the bank of the riverSufi Chay. It is 130 kilometres (81 mi) fromTabriz, the largest city in northwestern Iran.
It has been long suggested that Maragheh is identical with Phraaspa/Phraata,[7] the winter capital ofAtropatene.[8] The 9th-century Muslim historianal-Baladhuri (died 892) reports that the town was originally known as Akra-rudh (called "Afrah-rudh" byIbn al-Faqih, and "Afrazah-rudh" byYaqut al-Hamawi) a Persian name which means "river of Afrah", and which the RussianorientalistVladimir Minorsky considered to seem reminiscent of the name of Phraata.[9] He added that it is unlikely that Maragheh did not exist during theRoman era, due to its favorable location.[10]
During theArab conquest of Iran, the towns ofAdharbayjan (which also must have included Maragheh) were captured byal-Mughira. TheUmayyad princeMarwan ibn Muhammad briefly stayed at Maragheh following his expedition toMuqan andGilan in 740. It was during this period that the settlement was given the name of "Maragheh" (meaning "place where an animal rolls") due to the large quantity of dung there (Minorsky considers this to be an Arabicfolk etymology of pre-existing local name). Marwan also engaged in some building activities in the town. Control over the town was later handed to the daughters of the Abbasid caliphHarun al-Rashid (r. 786–809).[10]
Due to the rebellion of the lord ofTabriz, Wajna ibn Rawwad, a wall was erected around Maragheh and a garrison was also established there. This was done under the orders ofKhuzayma ibn Khazim, the governor of Adharbayjan andArminiya (Armenia), a position he had probably reached in 803. Following the launch of the rebellion ofBabak Khorramdin in 816/17, the people sought shelter in Maragheh. The caliphal-Mam'un (r. 813–833) soon had the walls of the town was restored, followed by the re-population of the place. In 836, Maragheh served as the winter quarters ofKhaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin during his expedition against Babak.[10]
In an attempt to reduce the unstable autonomy of the Arab chieftains of Adharbayjan and partly to curb the dominance of theBagratid kings of Armenia, the caliph al-Mu'tamid installedMuhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj as the governor of Adharbayjan and Armenia in 889/90, or more likely, in 892. The latter belonged to theSajid family, native toUshrusana and most likely ofSogdian origin. Muhammad's first challenge came in the form of 'Abd-Allah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hamdani, a rebel who had taken control of Maragheh. Muhammad convinced him to surrender in 893 by promising his safety, but once 'Abd-Allah did so he was executed by the Sajid. Maragheh was afterwards made Muhammad's capital, though he usually resided inBarda'a.[11] Muhammad amassed so much authority that he briefly declared independence from the caliphate.[12]
Following Muhammad's death to anepidemic in 901, his troops installed his sonDevdad ibn Muhammad on the throne. Five months after, however, the latter was removed from power by his uncleYusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj, who destroyed the walls of Maragheh and moved his capital toArdabil.[12] In 909, Yusuf was officially acknowledged as the ruler of Adharbayjan and Armenia by the newly ascended caliphal-Muqtadir.[13] Adirham struck by Yusuf at Maragheh from the same year has been found. The last Sajid ruler,Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath, was killed at Maragheh in 929.[10]
Following the collapse of the Sajid kingdom, theKurdish commanderDaysam ibn Ibrahim al-Kurdi attempted to establish his rule over Azerbaijan, but he was eventually defeated in 941/42 byMarzuban ibn Muhammad (r. 941/42–957), who gained control over the region, expanding his realm as far asDvin in Armenia.[14] The latter belonged to theSallarid dynasty, ofDaylamite stock and originally centered in theTarum district ofDaylam.[15] In 948, Azerbaijan was briefly controlled by theBuyid dynasty, as demonstrated by a coin struck at Maragheh byAbu Mansur Muhammad, a general of the Buyid rulerRukn al-Dawla (r. 935–976).[10]
Following the death of the SallaridIbrahim I ibn Marzuban I in 983, Azerbaijan (excluding a small part, possiblyMiyana) was conquered by the KurdishRawadids, former vassals of the Sallarids.[16] In 1039, Maragheh was sacked by a wave of immigratingOghuz Turks, who destroyed its mosque and killed many of its inhabitants.[17] In 1054, the Rawadid rulerAbu Mansur Wahsudan (r. 1019–1058/9) was forced to submit to theSeljuk rulerTughril (r. 1037–1063).[18][19] In 1070, Tughril arrested Wahsudan's son and successorAbu Nasr Mamlan II (r. 1058/9–1070) and incorporated Azerbaijan into his domain, thus marking the end of the Rawadid dynasty.[18] In 1104, the Seljuk brothers and rivalsBerkyaruq (r. 1094–1105) andMuhammad I Tapar (r. 1105–1118) had their peace treaty signed near Maragheh. A year later, Muhammad I visited Maragheh.[10] In 1111/12, a certain Ahmadil ibn Ibrahim ibn Wahsudan was appointed as the ruler of Maragheh. The background of the latter is obscure, but some modern historians consider him to be from the Rawadid dynasty.[20][21]
Following Ahmadil's death on 16 May 1116, he was reportedly succeeded by his slave Aq Sunqur, who by 1122 had emerged as a semi-independent subject of the Seljuks.[21] This marked the start of theAhmadili dynasty, a name they are commonly referred as due to their connection to Ahmadil.[20] Aq Sunqur secretly conspired with the rebel prince Tughril ibn Muhammad, encouraging the latter to invade Maragheh in return for soldiers and aid. The rebellion failed in 1122/23, and led to the dismissal of Aq Sunqur by the Seljuk rulerMahmud II (r. 1118–1131). However, Aq Sunqur was soon re-appointed as the governor of Maragheh. In 1150, the Seljuk rulerGhiyath ad-Din Mas'ud (r. 1133–1152) besieged Maragheh, due to a conflict between Aq Sunqur's son and successor Arslan Aba and another local ruler. The town was captured after two days, but a resolution was soon reached through the mediation of various military leaders.[21]
In 1174/75, theEldiguzid prince (and subsequent ruler)Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan (r. 1175–1186) besieged Maragheh, but was unsuccessful in capturing it. The last Ahmadili ruler of Maragheh wasSulafa Khatun (r. 1209–1225). She was atRu'in Dez during theMongol conquest of Maragheh in 1221, led by generalsJebe andSubutai.[20][24] The Mongols "stormed" the city on 30 March 1221 and burned it and killed its inhabitants.[25] They continued south to capture and destroyHamadan, until they finally took again the northern route toDerbent and the Northern Caucassus, which culminate with theBattle of the Kalka River in 1223.[24]
In 1225, theKhwarazmshah of theAnushtegin dynasty,Jalal al-Din Mangburni (r. 1220–1231), reached Maragheh, which he was able to enter without any trouble, due the discontentment of the locals towards the raids and oppression by theKingdom of Georgia. Mangburni attempted to restore Maragheh to its previous successful state.[25]
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In 1231, Mongol rule over Maragheh was made definite. After the Mongol rulerHulagu Khan (r. 1256–1265) hadcaptured Baghdad in 1258, he established his residence in Maragheh. He also had anobservatory built under the directorship ofNasir al-Din al-Tusi. Other buildings from this period are lacking, since the first MongolIlkhanate rulers lived a semi-nomadic life.Zakariya al-Qazwini, who wrote a geographical dictionary around 1275, seems to have known Maragheh well.[26] He described its mineral springs, a cave which probably corresponds to the later Chay-Baghi, a mountain called Zanjaqan with itscalcareous spring, and the "impregnable" fortress of Ru'in Dez.[26] In 1304, the Ilkhanate rulerÖljaitü (r. 1304–1316) appointed Nasir al-Din Tusi's son as the new head of the observatory.[26] In 1306, the prominent Sufi poetAwhadi Maraghai settled in Maragheh, living there until his death on 6 April 1338.[27] In 1312, Qara-Sunqur, the formeramir al-umara of Aleppo, was appointed ruler of Maragheh by Öljaitü. This event is described by the 14th-centuryMaghrebi scholarIbn Battuta, who also reports that Maragheh was called "Little Damascus". Qara-Sunqur died in 1328.[26]
Writingc. 1340,Hamdallah Mustawfi described Maragheh as the capital of atuman which included all the southern portion of Azerbaijan.[28] It bordered thetumans of Tabriz on the north andKhoy on the west; to the east wasIraq-e Ajam and to the south was Kurdistan.[28] Among the cities underneath Maragheh wereDih-i Khwaraqan,Leylan, andPasveh.[28] He also described six districts that belonged to Maragheh, some of whose readings are uncertain: Sarajun, Niyajun, Duzakhrud,Gavdul (at the confluence of the Leylan and Jaghatu rivers), Behestan, andHashtrud.[28] He also mentionedAnguran as a dependency of Maragheh.[28] Mustawfi reports that inhabitants of Maragheh spokepahlavī-e moḡayyar ("modified Pahlavi"), i.e. the vernacular of northwestern and central Iran.[29]
The 17th centuryOttoman Turkish travelerEvliya Çelebi mentioned that the women or the "female society"[30] in Maragheh mostly conversed in Pahlavi.[31] According to Mortaza Firuzi, Hossein Hassanpashaei, and Sanaz Rahkarfarshi, some sources either falsely disregard this language or deem it as the dominant language of Maragheh, which was most likelyTurkman based on the account of Evliya Çelebi.[30] According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the current inhabitants speak Azeri Turkish, but in the 14th century, they still spoke “arabicized Pahlawi," anIranian dialect of the north western group.[32]
Between the 18th and 20th centuries, Maragheh was governed by theMoqaddam family.[33]
The population consists mostly ofIranian Azerbaijanis who are bilingual inAzerbaijani andPersian.
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 146,405 in 38,891 households.[34] The census in 2011 counted 162,275 people in 47,552 households.[35] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 175,255 people in 54,958 households.[4]
Maragheh is situated in a narrow valley running nearly north and south at the eastern end of a well-cultivated plain opening towardsLake Urmia, the world's sixth-largest saltwater lake, which lies 30 km to the west.[36] It lies at the southern foot of MountSahand, which separates it from the city of Tabriz to the north.[9] The historical core of the city is on the east bank of theSufi Chay, which comes down from Mount Sahand before turning west and eventually flows out into Lake Urmia.[9] The climate is relatively mild and moist, and the abundant water supply makes the surrounding area very fertile.[9] Maragheh is surrounded by extensive vineyards and orchards, all well watered by canals led from the river, and producing great quantities of fruit.[36] The hills west of the town consist of horizontal strata ofsandstone covered with irregular pieces ofbasalt.[36] The remains of the historicMaragheh observatory crown one of these hills.[36]
Maragheh lies just off the main highway from Tabriz toKermanshah, which instead goes through Bonab further west.[9] Another important road skirts around the south and southeast sides of Mount Sahand and connects Maragheh withArdabil andZanjan further east.[9]
| Climate data for Maragheh (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 26.0 (78.8) | 31.6 (88.9) | 33.9 (93.0) | 39.6 (103.3) | 42.0 (107.6) | 40.4 (104.7) | 37.4 (99.3) | 32.3 (90.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 21.1 (70.0) | 42.0 (107.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) | 7.2 (45.0) | 12.4 (54.3) | 18.2 (64.8) | 23.9 (75.0) | 30.3 (86.5) | 34.0 (93.2) | 34.0 (93.2) | 29.2 (84.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 12.8 (55.0) | 6.8 (44.2) | 19.6 (67.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) | 1.8 (35.2) | 6.6 (43.9) | 12.0 (53.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 23.1 (73.6) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.6 (79.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 15.0 (59.0) | 7.1 (44.8) | 1.9 (35.4) | 13.3 (55.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) | −2.1 (28.2) | 2.1 (35.8) | 6.8 (44.2) | 11.3 (52.3) | 16.5 (61.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.5 (59.9) | 9.8 (49.6) | 3.2 (37.8) | −1.5 (29.3) | 8.2 (46.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.6 (−5.1) | −16.6 (2.1) | −13.2 (8.2) | −6.2 (20.8) | 1.0 (33.8) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.0 (51.8) | 12.4 (54.3) | 5.0 (41.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | −9.0 (15.8) | −18.4 (−1.1) | −20.6 (−5.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 27.2 (1.07) | 28.2 (1.11) | 41.3 (1.63) | 56.4 (2.22) | 29.3 (1.15) | 5.4 (0.21) | 2.2 (0.09) | 0.6 (0.02) | 5.0 (0.20) | 19.8 (0.78) | 38.1 (1.50) | 26.7 (1.05) | 280.2 (11.03) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.1 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 46.0 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 69.0 | 64.0 | 56.0 | 52.0 | 46.0 | 33.0 | 31.0 | 29.0 | 33.0 | 45.0 | 61.0 | 68.0 | 48.9 |
| Averagedew point °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) | −4.8 (23.4) | −2.5 (27.5) | 1.4 (34.5) | 4.3 (39.7) | 5.1 (41.2) | 7.3 (45.1) | 6.2 (43.2) | 3.7 (38.7) | 2.0 (35.6) | −0.6 (30.9) | −3.8 (25.2) | 1.1 (34.0) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 144.0 | 160.0 | 194.0 | 220.0 | 283.0 | 358.0 | 371.0 | 361.0 | 314.0 | 248.0 | 179.0 | 138.0 | 2,970 |
| Source:NOAA[37] | |||||||||||||
On a hill west of the town are the remains of the famousMaragheh observatory calledRasad Khaneh, constructed under the direction theIlkhanid king,Hülagü Khan forNasir al-Din al-Tusi.[36] The building, which no doubt served as a citadel as well, enclosed a space of 340 by 135 meters, and the foundations of the walls were 1.3 to 2 meters in thickness.[36] The observatory was constructed in the thirteenth century and was said to house a staff of at least ten astronomers and a librarian who was in charge of the library which allegedly contained over 40,000 books. This observatory was one of the most prestigious during the medieval times in the Islamic Empire during the golden age of Islamic science. The famous astronomerIbn al-Shatir of Damascus built on the work of Maragha astronomers 100 years later.[38]
In 1256 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi came to work at the Maragheh observatory after being attacked by a group of Mongols who came from the east. These Mongols ambushed Iran, crushing everything in their path. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was located at the Alamut, a castle in the South Caspian province of Qazin, when the Mongols invaded. Hulagu Khan was the leader of the Mongols and grandson of Genghis Khan. He was a fearless leader and warrior who was determined to conquer not only the Alamut, but many other countries across the globe as well. In order to spare his life, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi told Hulagu that he could predict the future if only he had better equipment. Being interested in science, Hulagu believed him and appointed Nasir al-Din al-Tusi as the scientific advisor of the Mongols. Hulagu allowed Nasir al-Din al-Tusi to build an observatory, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi chose Maragha, Iran. In 1259, the Maragheh observatory began construction, which took a total of three years to complete. Hulagu also put Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in charge of waqfs which were religious endowments. As director of the observatory, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and his team were able to make fascinating discoveries in astronomy, physics, and mathematics.[39]
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was the director of the Maragheh observatory, and made many new discoveries while he was there. Such discoveries include the Tusi-couple, a system based on geometry that includes a smaller circle within a larger circle that is twice the diameter of the smaller circle. The rotations of the smaller circle allow a specific point on the circumference to oscillate back and forth in linear motion. The Tusi-couple solved many issues with Ptolemaic's systems over planetary motion. Also, he helped astronomy become more accurate by discovering brand new stars as well as composing a star catalogue with detailed information about each star. Another notable work from Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was an astronomical book that contained detailed notes and observations about the movement of planets. Under Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, scholars from across the Islamic world came to the Maragheh observatory in order to further their studies in math, science, and astronomy. Furthermore, many new instruments were introduced to the observatory, which made him and his team's work a competitor to that of Europe.[40]
The Maragheh observatory eventually had its downfall in the 13th century. The Mongol leader, Hulagu, died in 1265, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi died in 1274. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's son became the director of the observatory after his father's death, however, there weren't enough scholars at the observatory to fund the research that was being conducted. Therefore, the Maragheh observatory became inactive at the beginning of the 14th century. Over time, the observatory began to crumble due to consistent earthquakes and the lack of preservation of the observatory. Furthermore, the contents of the observatory were stolen during Mongol raids which wiped out important documents and books that were contained within the libraries of the observatory.[39]
For a complete list see:Category:People from Maragheh
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Maraghe travel guide from Wikivoyage
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Marāgha".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 667–668.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| Preceded by | Capital ofIlkhanate (Persia) 1256–1265 | Succeeded by |
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