Manzhouli 满洲里市 · ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | |
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     Clockwise from top: City center, Manzhouli Museum, Manzhouli Stadium, Beifang Market, Shiji Square | |
 Manzhouli in Hulunbuir | |
  Manzhouli Location in Inner Mongolia Show map of Inner Mongolia Manzhouli Manzhouli (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates:49°35′53″N117°22′44″E / 49.598°N 117.379°E /49.598; 117.379 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Inner Mongolia |
| Prefecture-level city | Hulunbuir |
| Municipal seat | Dongshan Subdistrict |
| Area | |
• Total | 732.4 km2 (282.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[2] | |
• Total | 150,508 |
| • Density | 205.5/km2 (532.2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 021400 |
| Area code | 0470 |
| Website | www |
| Manzhouli | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 滿洲里 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 满洲里 | ||||||||
| Postal | Manchouli | ||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Манжуур хот | ||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | ||||||||
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| Russian name | |||||||||
| Russian | Маньчжурия | ||||||||
Manzhouli (Chinese:满洲里;Mongolian:Манжуур хот;ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ) is asub-prefectural city in theHulunbuir prefecture-level city jurisdiction,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Located on the border withRussia and also not far from the country ofMongolia, Manzhouli is a major landport of entry. It has an area of 696.3 square kilometres (268.8 mi2) and a population of almost 250,000 (in 2010).
In ancient times, the area was inhabited by theDonghu,Xiongnu,Xianbei,Khitan,Jurchen,Mongols andManchu. During the decline of China's last dynasty, theRussian Empire forced theQing (1644–1912) to cedeOuter Manchuria in the 1858Treaty of Aigun. That treaty made theArgun River, which originates in the area, the border between China and Russia.
In 1901, theChina Far East Railway was completed in accordance with theSino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896, linkingSiberia,Manchuria/northeast China, and theRussian Far East. A settlement then formed around Manchzhuriya Station, the first stop within Manchuria for Russians. It was the beginning of the modern city of Manzhouli and the name of Manzhouli came fromRussianМанжули (Manzhuli).
In 1905, Manzhouli was designated a trading center, greatly boosting Manzhouli's growth. In 1908, the Manzhouli customs post was set up. Under theRepublic of China, Manzhouli (under the nameLubin [臚濱;Lúbīn;Lu2-pin1]) came under the jurisdiction of the province ofHsingan. In 1927, Manzhouli was designated as a city. In 1931, Manzhouli came under Japanese control and, with Hsingan and surrounding areas, became part of theEmpire of Manchuria, a Japanese puppet state from 1932 to 1945. With the defeat of Japan at the end ofWorld War II, the Chinese government made Manzhouli part ofInner Mongolia in 1946.
In 1992, Manzhouli became one of the first land border cities opened up by the People's Republic of China. It has since experienced a boom as a conduit for the increasing trade between China and Russia.[3] It became even more important with the surge in cross-border trade to help ease the effect ofWestern sanctions on Russia following itsinvasion of Ukraine.[4]
In 2017, theManzhouli Stadium opened. The football stadium has a capacity of 20,153.
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Manzhouli is located in the western part of theHulunbuir prefecture-level city. To the east, south and west it bordersNew Barag Left Banner andNew Barag Right Banner, also in Hulunbuir, andRussia to the north, with which it shares a border 54 kilometres (34 mi) long. The Russian townlet ofZabaykalsk is situated immediately north ofAbagaitu Islet and Manzhouli.
Manzhouli is located on the Hulunbuir grasslands.Lake Hulun to its immediate south is the PRC's fifth largest freshwater lake with an area of 2,600 square kilometers (1,000 mi2) and an average depth of just 5 meters (16 ft).
Manzhouli has asemi-arid climate (Köppen (BSk), with temperatures in winter capable of plummeting below −40 °C (−40 °F). However, in each month there is more than 55% of possible sunshine, and over three-fourths of annual precipitation occurs from June to August.
| Climate data for Manzhouli, elevation 662 m (2,172 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) | 8.1 (46.6) | 18.4 (65.1) | 30.0 (86.0) | 34.3 (93.7) | 40.2 (104.4) | 40.5 (104.9) | 36.6 (97.9) | 34.0 (93.2) | 25.6 (78.1) | 11.5 (52.7) | 1.2 (34.2) | 40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −17.4 (0.7) | −11.3 (11.7) | −1.6 (29.1) | 10.2 (50.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 25.2 (77.4) | 27.2 (81.0) | 24.8 (76.6) | 18.1 (64.6) | 7.9 (46.2) | −5.3 (22.5) | −15.3 (4.5) | 6.8 (44.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −23.5 (−10.3) | −18.7 (−1.7) | −9.0 (15.8) | 2.9 (37.2) | 11.8 (53.2) | 18.6 (65.5) | 20.9 (69.6) | 18.3 (64.9) | 10.6 (51.1) | 0.5 (32.9) | −11.9 (10.6) | −20.9 (−5.6) | 0.0 (31.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −28.4 (−19.1) | −24.6 (−12.3) | −15.8 (3.6) | −4.6 (23.7) | 3.7 (38.7) | 11.0 (51.8) | 14.5 (58.1) | 11.9 (53.4) | 3.8 (38.8) | −5.7 (21.7) | −17.3 (0.9) | −25.8 (−14.4) | −6.4 (20.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −43.8 (−46.8) | −42.5 (−44.5) | −34.0 (−29.2) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −11.6 (11.1) | −2.4 (27.7) | 2.5 (36.5) | 0.8 (33.4) | −9.5 (14.9) | −23.8 (−10.8) | −35.1 (−31.2) | −39.4 (−38.9) | −43.8 (−46.8) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 1.7 (0.07) | 1.3 (0.05) | 3.5 (0.14) | 6.3 (0.25) | 20.6 (0.81) | 48.1 (1.89) | 77.8 (3.06) | 58.2 (2.29) | 26.7 (1.05) | 8.9 (0.35) | 2.8 (0.11) | 2.4 (0.09) | 258.3 (10.16) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.6 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 6.9 | 10.2 | 13.4 | 11.2 | 7.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 74.2 |
| Average snowy days | 8.3 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 5.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 4.6 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 49.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 71 | 68 | 59 | 43 | 41 | 53 | 64 | 66 | 61 | 59 | 68 | 73 | 61 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 200.3 | 228.4 | 287.4 | 286.5 | 310.7 | 299.8 | 287.0 | 278.5 | 255.2 | 234.4 | 189.6 | 168.8 | 3,026.6 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 74 | 79 | 77 | 69 | 65 | 62 | 59 | 63 | 69 | 72 | 71 | 67 | 69 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[5][6] all-time extreme temperature[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[8] | |||||||||||||
Manzhouli is divided into fivesubdistricts and onetown.[9]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Mongolian (Hudum Script) | Mongolian (Cyrillic) | Administrative division code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | |||||
| Dongshan Subdistrict | 东山街道 | Dōngshān Jiēdào | ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Лин чиован балгас | 150621001 |
| Nanqu Subdistrict | 南区街道 | Nánqū Jiēdào | ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Өмнө дугаргийн зээл гудамж | 150621002 |
| Beiqu Subdistrict | 北区街道 | Běiqū Jiēdào | ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ | Умард дугараг | 150621003 |
| Xinghua Subdistrict | 兴华街道 | Xīnghuá Jiēdào | ᠰᠢᠩ ᠬᠤᠸᠠ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Шин ухаа зээл гудамж | 150621004 |
| Orjin Subdistrict | 敖尔金街道 | Áo'ěrjīn Jiēdào | ᠣᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Оржин зээл гудамж | 150781012 |
| Town | |||||
| Xinkaihe Town | 新开河镇 | Xīnkāihé Zhèn | ᠰᠢᠨ ᠺᠠᠢ ᠾᠧ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Шин кай ге балгас | 150781100 |
The border crossing with Russia is a tourist attraction. TheManzhouli China-Russia Border Tourist Area is a destination that brings together the border gate, a giantMatryoshka doll shaped hotel, and park filled with Matryoshka dolls. Other attractions within the scenic area are the No 41 Border Monument and the Locomotive Square.[10] It has been rated as aAAAAA (5A) tourist attraction.
Manzhouli Ice & Snow Festival takes place every winter from some time in February to early March. This is a smaller version of theHarbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival.
There is a replica of theSovietWorld War II monument,The Motherland Calls.
Manzhouli is China's busiest landport of entry, and is responsible for 60% of all imports from and exports toEastern Europe.
Manzhouli hosts a "Sino-Russian Mutual Market Trade Zone," a designated area where Chinese and Russian citizens can engage in tax-free trade of goods up to a certain value. This zone is a key component of cross-border economic cooperation, facilitating the exchange of commodities and fostering people-to-people ties.[11]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 137,000 | — |
| 2004 | 160,000 | +16.8% |
| 2007 | 163,441 | +2.2% |
| 2010 | 249,473 | +52.6% |
| Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. | ||
Ninety-five percent of Manzhouli's population isHan Chinese. The remainder areBuryat,Russian,Mongol,Manchu, or of other ethnicities.
Much of the plot of the 2018 filmAn Elephant Sitting Still revolves around a number of characters traveling to a circus in Manzhouli.
The Chinese rail system, with a track gage of1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), meets the Russian rail system, with track gauge of1,524 mm (5 ft), at Manzholi. Thatbreak of gauge means that trains cannot run through. To help cope with the problem in the face of increasing cross-border rail traffic, abreak of gauge multi-modaltransshipment facility was completed in 2008 on the Russian side of the border inZabaikalsk.
Trains fromBeijing toMoscow on theTrans-Manchurian branch of theTrans-Siberian Railway pass throughManzhouli Railway Station. There are also tourist lines toChita,Krasnokamensk,Irkutsk, andUlan Ude.
Manzhouli Xijiao Airport is located in the western part of the city. Passengers can fly toBeijing andInner Mongolia's capital cityHohhot from the airport as well as the Russian city of Chita and theMongolian capital cityUlaanbaatar viaChoibalsan.[12]
Secondary schools include:
Manzhouli is twinned with the following sister cities.[13]
Chita,Zabaykalsky Krai, RussiaKrasnokamensk,Zabaykalsky Krai, RussiaUlan-Ude,Buryatia, Russia
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