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Manouria

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Genus of tortoises

Manouria

Manouria emys
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Manouria Gray, 1854
Type species
Manouria fusca Gray, 1854

Manouria is agenus oftortoises in thefamily Testudinidae. The genus was erected byJohn Edward Gray in 1854.

Transitional adaptations

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Manouria is either the most basal or second most basal member of the familyTestudinidae (its phylogenetic position is adjacent to that ofGopherus).^[1]^[2] As a result, while tortoises are primarily terrestrial, the genusManouria is a model for the evolutionary transition to terrestriality, as it still has an affinity for aquatic environments, and has retained some ancestral adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle while losing others. TheAsian forest tortoise (Manouria emys) has been observed attempting to feed on submerged food items, albeit unsuccessfully. Additionally, the species grasps food item with its jaws as in aquatic or semiaquatic taxa, as opposed to first making contact with the tongue as with all other tortoise species (with the possible exception ofGopherus).^[3]

Species

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The following fivespecies are recognized as being valid, two of which are extant,^[4] and three of which are extinct:

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Asian forest tortoise	Manouria emys(Schlegel &S. Müller, 1844)	Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
	impressed tortoise	Manouria impressa(Günther, 1882)	Myanmar, southern China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia and Northeast India.

†Manouria sondaariKarl & Staesche, 2007 – a giant land tortoise fromLuzon Island, Philippines^[5]^[6] however, Rhodin et al. (2015) transferred this species to the genusMegalochelys.^[7]
†Manouria punjabiensis(Lydekker, 1889) – a fossil tortoise fromSiwaliks, India^[7]
†Manouria oyamaiTakahashi, Otsuka & Hirayama , 2003 – a fossil tortoise fromRyukyu Islands, Japan^[7]

Nota bene: Abinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other thanManouria.

References

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^Kehlmaier, Christian; Albury, Nancy A.; Steadman, David W.; Graciá, Eva; Franz, Richard; Fritz, Uwe (2021-02-09)."Ancient mitogenomics elucidates diversity of extinct West Indian tortoises".Scientific Reports.11 (1): 3224.Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.3224K.doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82299-w.ISSN 2045-2322.PMC 7873039.PMID 33564028.
^Kehlmaier, Christian; Graciá, Eva; Ali, Jason R.; Campbell, Patrick D.; Chapman, Sandra D.; Deepak, V.; Ihlow, Flora; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Pierre-Huyet, Laure; Samonds, Karen E.; Vences, Miguel; Fritz, Uwe (2023-01-13)."Ancient DNA elucidates the lost world of western Indian Ocean giant tortoises and reveals a new extinct species from Madagascar".Science Advances.9 (2): eabq2574.Bibcode:2023SciA....9.2574K.doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2574.ISSN 2375-2548.PMC 9833658.PMID 36630487.
^Natchev, Nikolay; Tzankov, Nikolay; Werneburg, Ingmar; Heiss, Egon (2015-08-11)."Feeding behaviour in a 'basal' tortoise provides insights on the transitional feeding mode at the dawn of modern land turtle evolution".PeerJ.3: e1172.doi:10.7717/peerj.1172.ISSN 2167-8359.PMC 4558077.PMID 26339550.
^"Manouria". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
^Karl, Hans-Volker; Staesche, Ulrich (2007). "Fossile Riesen-Landschildkröten von den Philippinen und ihre paläogeographische Bedeutung [= Fossil Giant Land Tortoises from the Philippines and their paleogeographic importance]".GeologischesahrbuchA 160: 171–197. (Manouria sondaari, new species). (in German with abstract in English).
^Staesche, Ulrich (coordinator) (2007).Fossile Schildkröten aus vier Ländern in drei Kontinenten: Deutschland, Türkei, Niger, Philippen [= Fossil Turtles from Four Countries on Three Continents: Germany, Turkey, Niger, and the Philippines].Geologisches Jahrbuch, Reihe B, Heft 98 [= Series B, Issue 98]. 197 pp.ISBN 978-3-510-95967-9.http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/artno/186029800 (in German).
^^a ^b ^cAnders G.J. Rhodin; Scott Thomson; Georgios L. Georgalis; Hans-Volker Karl; Igor G. Danilov; Akio Takahashi; Marcelo S. de la Fuente; Jason R. Bourque; Massimo Delfino; Roger Bour; John B. Iverson; H. Bradley Shaffer; Peter Paul van Dijk (2015)."Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians"(PDF).Chelonian Research Monographs.5 (8): 000e.1–66.doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015.

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra

	†Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onTurtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

See alsoList of Testudines families

Taxon identifiers
Manouria	Wikidata:Q2378269 Wikispecies:Manouria ADW:Manouria BOLD:82179 CoL:5KYC EoL:41199 GBIF:2441822 iNaturalist:40058 IRMNG:1299638 ITIS:551762 NCBI:74923 Open Tree of Life:679462 Paleobiology Database:132781

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Transitional adaptations

Species

References

Further reading