Manjutakin (Arabic:منجوتكين) was a military slave (ghulam) of theFatimid Caliphal-Aziz (r. 975–996). OfTurkic origin, he became one of the leading Fatimid generals under al-Aziz, fighting against theHamdanids and theByzantines inSyria. He rebelled against theBerber-dominated regime of the early years ofal-Hakim (r. 996–1021), but was defeated and died in captivity.
Manjutakin was one of the most prominent of theTurkic slave-soldiers who were introduced to the Fatimid court by al-Aziz and his predecessoral-Mu'izz (r. 953–975) and favoured as a counterbalance to the predominantlyBerber army (mostly drawn from theKutama tribe).[1][2]
In 991, after the death of the long-timevizierYaqub ibn Killis, who had dominated Fatimid politics during his life, al-Aziz chose to pursue a more aggressive stance inSyria, and appointed Manjutakin as governor ofDamascus.[3] Encouraged by the defectors after the death of emirSa'd al-Dawla, al-Aziz decided to renew his attacks on theHamdanid emirate ofAleppo, and tasked Manjutakin with the campaign. The Fatimid general invaded the emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under thedoux ofAntioch,Michael Bourtzes, in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. However, he failed to pursue the siege with vigour and the city was easily able to resist until, in the spring of 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, Manjutakin was forced to return to Damascus due to lack of supplies.[4][5] In spring 994, Manjutakin launched another invasion, again defeated Bourtzes at theBattle of the Orontes in September, tookHoms,Apamea andShayzar andbesieged Aleppo. The blockade was far more effective this time and soon caused a severe lack of food, but the city's defenders held out under the determined guidance of the Hamdanids'de facto regent,Lu'lu', until the sudden arrival of the Byzantine emperor,Basil II, in person in April 995. Basil, who had beencampaigning in Bulgaria, had responded to the Hamdanids' plea for aid, and crossedAsia Minor in only sixteen days at the head of an army; his sudden arrival, and the exaggerated numbers circulating for his army, caused panic in the Fatimid army, especially as Manjutakin, expecting no threat, had ordered his cavalry horses to be dispersed around the city for pasture. Despite having a considerably larger and well-rested army, Manjutakin was thus at a disadvantage. He burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without battle. The Byzantines besiegedTripoli unsuccessfully and occupiedTartus. Al-Aziz himself now prepared to take the field against the Byzantines himself, but he died on 14 October 996 before starting his campaign.[6][7][8]
After al-Aziz's death, his young son al-Hakim succeeded to the throne. The Kutama, however, used the opportunity to install their leader,al-Hasan ibn 'Ammar, as prime minister, and to effectively seize control of the central government for themselves. This provoked the reaction of the Turkic faction, led by Manjutakin. With the covert encouragement of al-Hakim'seunuch tutorBarjawan, Manjutakin led his army south towardsEgypt, while the Berbers gathered under the command ofSulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah. The two armies met in eitherRamla orAscalon, and the battle ended in defeat for Manjutakin, who was taken prisoner.[9] Ibn Fallah marched on to Damascus, where he assumed the post of governor, while Manjutakin himself was well received by Ibn 'Ammar, who thus hoped—in the event, without success—to reconcile the Turks to his regime and use them to counterbalance the caliphal office. He was allowed to live out his years in retirement inCairo, where he died in 1007.[10]