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Manikongo

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Title of the rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo

For plant known asmanicongo, seeVigna subterranea.

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The Manikongo giving audience to his subjects and Portuguese visitors

Manikongo (also calledAwenekongo orMwenekongo) was the title of the ruler of theKingdom of Kongo, a kingdom that existed from the 14th to the 19th centuries and consisted of land in present-dayAngola,Gabon, theRepublic of the Congo and theDemocratic Republic of the Congo. The manikongo's seat of power wasMbanza Kongo (also calledSão Salvador from 1570 to 1975), now the capital ofZaire Province in Angola. The manikongo appointed governors for the provinces of the Kingdom and received tribute from neighbouring subjects.^{[citation needed]}

The term "manikongo" is derived fromPortuguesemanicongo, an alteration of theKiKongo termMwene Kongo (literally "Lord of Kongo"). The termwene, from whichmwene is derived, is also used to mean kingdom and is attested with this meaning in the Kongocatechism of 1624 with reference to theKingdom of Heaven. The termmwene is created by adding the personal prefixmu- to this stem, to mean "person of the kingdom".^{[citation needed]}

Mwene is attested in very early texts, notably the letters of KingAfonso I of Kongo, where he writes, toPortuguese kings Manuel I (in 1514) andJoão III concerning themoenipango (mwene Mpangu) and twice concerning themoinebata.Mani was used to mean not only "king" but also anyone holding authority, so provincial and sub-provincial officials also were calledmani. Afonso did not entitle himself Manikongo, but ratherrei de congo (king of Kongo).^[1]

Subjects were required to prostrate themselves before the Manikongo, approaching him on all fours, and when time came for the Manikongo to eat or drink, an attendant would chime two iron rods, cueing them to lay face-down so that they could not see him do so.^[2]

References

[edit]

^Brásio, António (1952).Monumenta Missionaria Afriana. Lisbon: Agência geral do Ultramar. p. 298 (transcribed incorrectly as Muxuebata), 322 see Arquivo Nacional de Torre do Tombo, Corpo Crónologico, I-16-28.
^Hochschild, Adam (October 1, 1999). "Prologue".King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.ISBN 978-0618001903.

v t e Rulers of theKingdom of Kongo
Awenekongo of theKilukeni kanda (1390–1567)	Lukeni lua Nimi Nanga of Kongo Nlaza of Kongo Nkuwu a Ntinu of Kongo João I of Kongo Afonso I of Kongo Pedro I of Kongo Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi Afonso II of Kongo Bernardo I of Kongo Henrique I of Kongo
Awenekongo of theKwilu kanda (1567–1622)	Álvaro I of Kongo Álvaro II of Kongo Bernardo II of Kongo Álvaro III of Kongo
Awenekongo of theNkanga a Mvika kanda (1622–1626)	Pedro II of Kongo Garcia I of Kongo
Mwenekongo of theKwilu kanda (1626–1636)	Ambrósio I of Kongo Álvaro IV of Kongo
Awenekongo of theKimpanzu kanda (1636)	Álvaro V of Kongo
Awenekongo of theKinlaza kanda (1636–1665)	Álvaro VI of Kongo Garcia II of Kongo António I of Kongo
Civil War Awenekongo (1665–1678)	Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo Álvaro VII of Kongo Álvaro VIII of Kongo Pedro III of Kongo Álvaro IX of Kongo Rafael I of Kongo Afonso III of Kongo Daniel I of Kongo
Post-Civil War states	Garcia III of Kibangu André I of Kibangu Manuel I of Kibangu Álvaro X of Kibangu Pedro IV of Kongo Pedro III of Kongo João II of Lemba Manuel II of Kongo
Awenekongo after the recapture of São Salvador (1709–1891)	Pedro IV of Kongo Manuel II of Kongo Garcia IV of Kongo Nicolau I of Kongo Afonso IV of Kongo António II of Kongo Sebastião I of Kongo "Pedro V" Álvaro XI of Kongo José I of Kongo Afonso V of Kongo Álvaro XII of Kongo Aleixo I of Kongo Joaquim I of Kongo Henrique II of Kongo Garcia V of Kongo André II of Kongo Henrique III of Kongo Álvaro XIII of Kongo Pedro V of Kongo
Awenekongo after 1881 vassalage treaty with Portugal (1891–1914)	Álvaro XIV of Kongo Henrique IV of Kongo Pedro VI of Kongo Manuel Nkomba of Kongo Manuel III of Kongo
Pretenders to the Kongo throne since 1914	Alvaro XV of Kongo Pedro VII of Kongo António III of Kongo Isabel Maria da Gama, Q of Kongo (regent) Pedro VIII of Kongo Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo (regent)

Kingdom of Kongo

Topics

Monarchy

Preceded by	Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza Mbata Kingdom Mpemba Kasi
Titles	Awenekongo Ngola Queen Mother Mbanda Mbanda Order of Christ
Rulers	List of rulers of Kongo
Ruling houses	House of Kilukeni House of Kwilu House of Kinkanga/Nsundi House of Kimpanzu House of Kinlaza House of Água Rosada

Economy

Currency	Nzimbu (Olivella nana) Enslaved people
Goods	Banana Lubongo Lubongo cloth Taro

Geography

Languages

Religion

Religions	Antonianism Kongo Kongo Catholicism
Deities	Bunzi Chicamassi-chinuinji Dinganga God Jesus Kimbazi Kuitikuiti Lubangala Lusiemo Lusunzi Makanga Ma Kiela Mamba Muntu Mbantilanda Mbenza Mboze Mbumba Moni-Mambu Ngonde Ntangu Nzambi Mpungu Nzambici Nzazi Phulu Bunzi
Elements	Ancestral veneration Kalunga line Kongo cosmogram Mfinda Nature spirits Nganga Nlongo Simbi
Art	Kongo face jugs Nkisi Nkondi Tumba

Military

Tactics	Archery (Poisoned Arrows) Kongolese longboat Iron stake traps Scimitar-shaped Longsword
Battles	Conquest of Kabunga Battle of Mbumbi Battle of Mbanda Kasi Battle of Kitombo Battle of Mbwila Battle of Mbidizi River Battle of São Salvador Kongo Civil War