Manide is aPhilippine language spoken throughout the province ofCamarines Norte inBicol region and near the eastern edge ofQuezon inSouthern Tagalog of southernLuzon in thePhilippines. Manide is spoken by nearly 4,000Negrito people, most of whom reside in the towns of Labo,Jose Panganiban, andParacale.^[2]

Between 1903 and 1924, John M. Garvan (1963) visited Negrito Filipino communities in the region of Luzon and recorded the name Manide.^[2][3]

Many of the Manide population children still grow up speaking Manide.

Manide is the most divergent out of the three other Negrito languages in Southern Luzon, namelyInagta Alabat,Inagta Rinconada, andInagta Partido (although Inagta Rinconada and Inagta Partido belong to the Bikol subgroup and not the Manide-Alabat subgroup).^[2] In a survey of 1000 lexical items, 285 appeared to be unique, including new coinages which are forms that experienced semantic and or phonological shifts over time. In comparison, other Negrito languages such asBatak, Inagta Rinconada/Partido,Mamanwa, orInati have a cognate rate of over 90% with neighboring non-Negrito languages.^[2]

The language genetically closest to Manide is the Inagta Alabat language.^[4] According to a handful of words remembered by a group self-identifying asKatabangan on the Bondoc Peninsula, as reported by Zubiri, that language may have also been related to Manide and Inagta Alabat.^[5]

Lobel (2010) shows the separation of towns with Manide populations.

• Camarines Norte
  • Basud – 2 communities, 175 speakers
  • Labo – 9 communities, 1,542 speakers
  • Jose Panganiban – 3 communities, 568 speakers
  • Paracale – 4 communities, 581 speakers
  • Santa Elena – 1 community, 110 speakers
  • Capalonga – 2 communities, 245 speakers
  • San Lorenzo Riuz – 1 community, 45 speakers
• Quezon
  • Calauag – 1 community
  • Lopez – 1 community
• Camarines Sur
  • Ragay – 1 community, 200 speakers
  • Lupi – 1 community, 197 speakers

Reflexes are words, sounds, or writing systems which are derived from previous, older elements or systems.

PMP *q is reflected in Manide as/ʔ/. The glottal stop may combine with other consonants in cluster, i.e. in the sequence/ʔC/ and/Cʔ/, e.g.bag-áng/bagʔáŋ/ 'mouth'.

The reflex of PMP *R in Manide is/g/. The reflex most likely comes from borrowed items in Tagalog.^[6] For example, Manidebe-gí/beʔgí/ 'new' is a reflex of Proto-Philippine *baqəRú with the same meaning.

Normally, the reflex of PMP *s is/s/, but in some cases that has shifted to/h/ instead.^[6]

The reflexes ofProto-Malayo-Polynesian *d, *j, and *z are all/d/, with some exceptions for *j and *z.^[6]

An example for *j: Manidengádun/ŋádun/ 'name' < PPH *ŋájan

An example for *d: Manidedakép/dakép/ 'catch, capture' < PPH *dakə́p

An example for *z: Manidetudî/tudíʔ/ 'teach' < PMP *tuzuq 'point'

The reflexes of PMP *ə are/aeiu/./e/ is the only inherited reflex of PMP *ə, with/aiu/ being borrow reflexes.

Manide is a reduced-focus language because it primarily usesmag- for the actor focus and-an for the location focus, while-en takes place of the functions from Proto Malayo Polynesian *-ən and *i-, thus marking object focus.^[2] There are two present forms, with the first being possessive. The second present form is used for habitual functions. In Southern Luzon, Manide is the only language that uses CVC reduplication.

Pronouns in Manide make the same contrasts as in other Philippine languages.

Vowel shifts are systematic sound changes in the pronunciation of vowel sounds. In Manide, there are vowel shifts following voiced stops/bdg/ and glides/wy/.^[2] Low vowel fronting, back vowel fronting, and low vowel backing are all present in Manide.

Fronting refers to a change in the articulation of a vowel with shifts to vowels further forward in the mouth. (i.e., the position of the highest point of the tongue during its pronunciation).^[7]

Low vowel fronting is the shift of *a to a front vowel such as/e/. Fronting may occur due to assimilation to nearby sounds, or it may form independently. It is part of a feature among many Negrito Filipino languages from northern Luzon to Manide.^[2]

Back vowel fronting is the change of the vowel *u to/i/. It is related to low vowel fronting as back vowel fronting happens after/bdg/, but there are few occurrences after *b.

Manide shows 16 different forms of back vowel fronting, which generally happens after *t and *l.^[6]

In Manide, low vowel backing is the shift from *a to/u/. Low vowel backing is unique to Manide, as it is not known to occur in any other language of the Philippines. Ten occurrences of low vowel backing of the shift *a to/u/ have been recorded.^[6]

Case markers in Manide are similar to those of other Philippine languages. The case markers show the relationships of nouns and noun phrases to a verb. The most common situations are genitive, nominative, and oblique. Something very unusual is that Manide uses the same case markers for personal names just as used with common nouns. There are no 'personal' case markers in Manide for in the plural form, only the singular form.

• Central Philippine languages
• Aeta languages
• Languages of Camarines Norte
• Languages of Camarines Sur
• Languages of Quezon

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