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| House of Manghud | |
|---|---|
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| Country | Mongol Empire Golden Horde Nogai Horde Emirate of Bukhara |
| Current region | Asia Europe |
| Founded | -1270 (in Nogai Horde) -1747 (in the Emirate of Bukhara) |
| Founder | -Nogai Khan (in Nogai Horde) -Rahim Khan (in the Emirate of Bukhara) |
| Final ruler | Alim Khan |
| Final head | Alim Khan |
| Titles | Khan Emir Sayyid |
| Traditions | Tengrism later Sunni Islam |
| Dissolution | 30 August 1920 |
| Deposition | 28 April 1944 |
TheManghud, orManghit (Mongolian:Мангуд,Mangud;Uzbek:Mangʻit) were aMongol tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation. Manghuds (Mangkits or Mangits) who moved to theDesht-i Qipchaq steppe wereTurkified.[1][2] They established theNogai Horde in the 14th century and the Manghit dynasty to rule theEmirate of Bukhara in 1785. They took the Islamic title ofEmir instead of the title ofKhan, since they were not descendants ofGenghis Khan and rather based their legitimacy as rulers onIslam. However, Persian historianRashid-al-Din Hamadani whochronicled theMongols, claimed that many old Mongolian clans (such asBarlas,Urad,Manghud,Taichiut,Chonos,Kiyat) were founded byBorjigin members.[3] The clan name was used for Mongol vanguards as well. Members of the clan live in several regions of Central Asia and Mongolia.
According to ancient sources, they were derived from theKhiyad Mongols. The Manghuds and the Uruuds were war-like people from the Mongolian plateau. Some notable Manghud warriors supportedGenghis Khan (1162–1227), while a body of them resisted his rise to power. When theMongol Empire began to expand westward, the Manghud people were spread westward into the Middle East along with many other Mongol tribes. In theGolden Horde, the Manghuds supportedNogai (d. 1299) and established their own semi-independenthorde fromthe khans inSarai.[4]
After Nogai's death in 1299, the majority of Manghud warriors joined the service ofTokhta Khan. Their chieftainEdigu, the powerfulwarlord of the Golden Horde, officially founded theNogai Horde or Manghit Horde in the 14th-15th centuries. Majmu al-tawarikh [ru], included Manghit clan as one of ninety-two Uzbek [ru] clans of the Golden Horde.[5][6]
The mangudai or mungadai were military units of theMongol Empire, but sources differ wildly in their descriptions. One source states that references to Mongollight cavalry "suicide troops" date back to the 13th century.[7]However, aUnited States Army author believes that Mangudai was the name of a 13th-century Mongol warlord who created an arduous selection process to test potential leaders.[8] The term is used by element of theUnited States Army as a name for multi-day tests of Soldiers' endurance and warrior skills.[9]
Some of the Manghuds assimilated intoTurkic people and these Manghuds becameManghit (Mangit) tribe of the Turks. The Nogais protected the northern borders ofAstrakhan andCrimean khanates, and through organized raids to the northern steppes preventedRussian andLithuanian settlements. Many Nogais joined the service of Crimean khan. Settling there, they contributed to the formation of theCrimean Tatars. However, Nogais were not only good soldiers, they also had considerable agricultural skills. Their basic social unit was the semi-autonomous 'ulus' or band. But Nogais were proud of their nomadic traditions and independence, which they considered superior to settled agricultural life.
At the beginning of the 17th century, theKalmyks or theOirats, migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of theIrtysh River to the LowerVolga region about 1630. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais who fled to the plains of northernCaucasus and to the Crimea under theOttoman Empire. A few part of them joined toKazakh Khanate as part ofLittle jüz.
The Manghits had been settled by Genghis Khan around the city ofQarshi.[10] Qarshi would continue to serve as the Manghits' base of power under the Bukhara Khanate.[11] In the 18th century, the basins of theAmu Darya andSyr Darya passed under the control of threeUzbek khanates, claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, theQunggirats based onKhiva in Khwārezm (1717–1920), the Mangits in Bukhara (1753–1920), and the Mings in Kokand (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876).
The Manghit dynasty was founded by a commonUzbek family that ruled theEmirate of Bukhara from 1785 to 1920. Manghit power in theKhanate of Bukhara began to grow in the early 18th century, due to the emirs position asataliq to the khan. The family effectively came to power afterNader Shah's death in 1747, and the assassination of the rulingAbu al-Fayz Khan and his young son Abdalmumin by theataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi.[12]
From 1747 to the 1780s, the Manġits ruled behind the scenes, until the emirShah Murad declared himself the open ruler, establishing the Emirate of Bukhara. The last emir of the dynasty,Mohammed Alim Khan, was ousted by the SovietRed Army in September 1920, and fled toAfghanistan. There is disagreement over whether the dynasty descends from simple Uzbeks[13] or of true Mongolian origin.[14] According to the Russian orientalist N.V. Khanykova, the Manġit dynasty was considered the oldest Uzbek family in the Bukhara Khanate descending fromTimur Malik; from the division of which the tuk came the reigning dynasty, in addition, this clan enjoyed some special privileges.[15]
The Manghit dynasty issued coins from 1787 up until the Soviet takeover.[16]
| Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Ataliq I اتالیق | Khudayar Bey خدایار بیگ | ? |
| Ataliq II اتالیق | Muhammad Hakim محمد حکیم | ?–1747 |
| Ataliq III اتالیق | Muhammad Rahim محمد رحیم | 1747–1753 |
| Amir I امیر | Muhammad Rahim محمد رحیم | 1753–1756 |
| Khan خان | Muhammad Rahim محمد رحیم | 1756–1758 |
| Ataliq IV اتالیق | Daniyal biy دانیال بیگ | 1758–1785 |
| Amir Masum امیر معصوم | Shahmurad شاہ مراد بن دانیال بیگ | 1785–1800 |
| Amir II امیر | Haydar bin Shahmurad حیدر تورہ بن شاہ مراد | 1800–1826 |
| Amir III امیر | Mir Hussein bin Haydar حسین بن حیدر تورہ | 1826–1827 |
| Amir IV امیر | Umar bin Haydar عمر بن حیدر تورہ | 1827 |
| Amir V امیر | Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora نصراللہ بن حیدر تورہ | 1827–1860 |
| Amir VI امیر | Muzaffar bin Nasrullah مظفر الدین بن نصراللہ | 1860–1885 |
| Amir VII امیر | Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din عبدل احد بن مظفر الدین | 1885–1910 |
| Amir VIII امیر | Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad محمد عالم خان بن عبدل احد | 1910–1920 |
| Overthrow ofEmirate of Bukhara byBukharan People's Soviet Republic, which, in turn, was forcibly replaced byBolsheviks. | ||
Their descendants, the Nogai andKarakalpak people live inDagestan andKhorazm. Others are the present-dayKhalkha Mongols who live inMongolia and the Baarin banner inInner Mongolia. While the Manghits are found among theTatars inRussia, theBashkirs and theKazakhs.
The daughter of the last EmirAlim Khan, Shukria Alimi Raad, worked as a broadcaster forRadio Afghanistan. Shukria Raad left Afghanistan with her family three months afterSoviet troops invaded the country in December 1979. With her husband, also a journalist, and two children she fled toPakistan, and then throughGermany to theUnited States. In 1982 she joined theVoice of America, working for many years as a broadcaster for VOA'sDari Service, editor, program host and producer. She was interviewed inBBC Farsi, where she talked about her father and how theEmirate of Bukhara fell into the Soviets hand. At the end she talked about how she wanted to raise her kids asTajiks and that she herself is aTajik.[17] Alim Khan also had a son named Shahmurad, who denounced his father in 1929 (at the age of seven) and later served in the Soviet Army. During his governance in Bukhara, he also had a son named Qasem who was killed by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. Qasem had only one son who, when he was 13 years old, escaped from Bukhara to Iran-Mashhad with his stepfather. When he arrived in Iran, he took the name Husein Bukharaei. He married Bibimeymanat Mohsenolhoseini in Mashhad. They had 6 sons and 4 daughters. Husein Bukharaei died in 1993. Their children (Hasan, Lo'ba, Ali, Narges, Qasem, Reza, Fatemeh, Mohammad, Mahmoud, Mahboubeh) all live in Mashhad. In 2020, the BBC World Service made a documentary called "Bukhara" about the last ruler of Bukhara, which refers to the fate of the family of Amir Alam Khan. Alim Khan's descendants include granddaughter Nailaj Naebzadeh from his daughter Razia Alimi, and great-granddaughter Kadeij Naebzadeh. They live in United States. Nailaj Naebzadeh was born in United States. Just like her aunt, Shukria Alimi Raad, her mother Razia Alimi too escaped from Afghanistan during the invasion of the Soviet Army in 1979.[citation needed]
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