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| Manco Inca Yupanqui | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Sapa Inca of theNeo-Inca State | |||||
| Reign | 1537–1544 | ||||
| Coronation | 1537 | ||||
| Predecessor | State established | ||||
| Successor | Sayri Tupaq | ||||
| Sapa Inca of theInca Empire | |||||
| Reign | 1533–1537 | ||||
| Installation | 1533 | ||||
| Predecessor | Túpac Huallpa (as puppetSapa Inca of theInca Empire) Atahualpa (as legitimateSapa Inca of theInca Empire) | ||||
| Successor | Paullu Inca (as puppetSapa Inca of theInca Empire) | ||||
| Born | c. 1515 Cusco,Inca Empire | ||||
| Died | 1544 (aged 29) Vilcabamba,Neo-Inca State | ||||
| Consort | Cura Ocllo | ||||
| Issue | Sayri Túpac,Titu Cusi,Túpac Amaru,Cusi Huarcay | ||||
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| Quechua | Manqu Inka Yupanki | ||||
| Spanish | Manco Inca Yupanqui | ||||
| Dynasty | Hanan Qusqu | ||||
| Father | Huayna Cápac | ||||
Manco Inca Yupanqui (c. 1515 – 1544) was the founder and firstSapa Inca of the independentNeo-Inca State inVilcabamba, although he was originally apuppet Inca Emperor installed by theSpaniards.[1][2] He was also known asManco II andManco Cápac II. He was one of the sons ofHuayna Cápac and a younger brother ofHuáscar.[3]: 150
Manco Inca, one of the more than 50 sons of Huayna Capac, was born inCuzco in 1515.[4] His early history is obscure.[1] He took part in the conquest of theAntisuyu in Bolivia during the years 1832-1833.[1]
WhenAtahualpa's troops took the city under the command of GeneralQuizquiz, they killed the descendants of Huayna Cápac, the Huascar supporters, and anyone who could try to take the place of the Inca. Because of this, Manco Inca was forced to flee, avoiding any contact with the atahualpists.[5]
On 14 November 1533, he met theconquistadorFrancisco Pizarro and his contingent, both Inca and Spanish. This and other events such as the massacre of Atahualpa led Manco Inca to believe that the Spaniards were "saviors" sent by the gods.[5]
Túpac Huallpa was apuppet ruler crowned by Francisco Pizarro.[3]: 210 After his death, Manco Inca joined Francisco Pizarro andDiego de Almagro inCajamarca. When Pizarro's forces arrived in Cusco, he had thecaciques acknowledge Manco as their Inca. Manco Inca then joined Almagro andHernando de Soto in pursuit of Quizquiz.[6]: 38, 40, 46
When Pizarro left Cuzco with Almagro and Manco Inca, forJauja in pursuit of Quizquiz, Francisco left his younger brothersGonzalo Pizarro andJuan Pizarro asregidores, and a ninety-man garrison in the city.[3]: 222–223, 227
The Pizarro brothers so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately tried to escape in 1535. He failed, was captured and imprisoned. Hernando Pizarro released him to recover a golden statue of his father Huayna Cápac. Only accompanied by two Spaniards, he easily escaped a second time. Manco then gathered an army of 200,000Inca warriors and laid siege to Cusco in early 1536, taking advantage of Diego de Almagro's absence.[3]: 235–239 Manco called on other Inca to join him in his attack on the Spaniards but some factions, including Paullu Inca's, refused to join the attack.[2]
After ten months (see thesiege of Cuzco), Manco retreated to the nearby fortress ofOllantaytambo in 1537. Here Manco successfully defended attacks by the Spaniards in the January 1537battle of Ollantaytambo.[3]: 247–249
Manco coordinated his siege of Cusco with one on Lima, led by one of his captains, Quiso Yupanqui. The Incas were able to defeat four relief expeditions sent by Francisco Pizarro from Lima. This resulted in the death of nearly 500 Spanish soldiers. Some Spaniards were captured and sent to Ollantaytambo.[3]: 243, 246 [7]: 102–103
Alonso de Alvarado was sent by Pizarro to Cusco, but upon his arrival atAbancay, he and his army were captured byRodrigo Orgóñez in theBattle of Abancay. This was the beginning of the first civil war between the conquistadors.
Abandoning Ollantaytambo (and effectively giving up the highlands of the empire), Manco Inca retreated toVitcos and finally to the remote jungles ofVilcabamba,[8]: 131 where he founded theNeo-Inca State which lasted until the death ofTúpac Amaru in 1572. From there, he continued his attacks against theWankas (one of the most important allies of the Spaniards), having some success after fierce battles, and to the highlands of present-day Bolivia, where after many battles his army was defeated.
The Spaniards crowned his younger half brotherPaullu Inca as puppetSapa Inca after his retreat for his valuable help in that last campaign.[7]: 9 The Spanish succeeded in capturing Manco's sister-wife,Cura Ocllo;Gonzalo Pizarro raped her and kept her at his palace in Casana.[9] The Spaniards had her murdered in 1539.
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After many guerrilla battles in the mountainous regions of Vilcabamba, Manco was murdered in 1544 in the Inca center ofVitcos by supporters of Diego de Almagro who had previously assassinated Francisco Pizarro and who were in hiding under Manco's protection. They in turn were all killed by Manco's soldiers.[3]: 326
Manco was succeeded by his sonSayri Tupaq.[7]: 10 Manco Inca had several sons, including Sayri Tupaq,Titu Cusi, andTúpac Amaru.
Manco's body was preserved atVilcabamba in aTemple of the Sun.[1]
| Regnal titles | ||
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| Preceded by | Sapa Inca (as installed by the Spaniards) 1533–1537 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by None | Sapa Inca (as ruler of theNeo-Inca State) 1537–1544 | Succeeded by |
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