Manaus (Portuguese:[mɐˈnaws,ma-]ⓘ) is thecapital and largest city of theBrazilian state ofAmazonas. It is theseventh-largest city in Brazil, with an estimated 2024 population of 2,279,686 distributed over a land area of about 11,401 km2 (4,402 sq mi). Located at the east centre of the state, the city is the centre of theManaus metropolitan area and the largest metropolitan area in theNorth Region of Brazil by urban landmass. It is situated nearthe confluence of theNegro andAmazon rivers. It is one of the two cities in the Amazon rainforest with a population of over 1 million people, alongsideBelém.
The city was founded in 1669 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro. It was elevated to atown in 1832 with the name of "Manaus", an altered spelling of the indigenous Manaós peoples, and legally transformed into acity on October 24, 1848, with the name ofCidade da Barra do Rio Negro,Portuguese for "The City of the Margins of the Black River". On September 4, 1856, it returned to the name "Manaus".[4]
The Solimões and Negro rivers meet just east of Manaus and join to form theAmazon River (using the Brazilian definition of the river; elsewhere, Solimões is considered the upper part of the Amazon).[9] Rubber made it the richest city in South America during the late 1800s. Rubber helped Manaus earn its nickname, the Paris of the Tropics. Many wealthy European families settled in Manaus and brought their love for sophisticatedEuropean art,architecture, andculture with them. Manaus was one of the twelve Brazilian host cities of the2014 World Cup, as well as one of the six hosts offootball matches at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
The history of the European colonization of Manaus began in 1499 with the Spanish arrival at the mouth of the Amazon River. The Spanish then continued to colonize the region north of Brazil. Development continued in 1668–1669 with the building of the Fort of São José da Barra do Rio Negro by the Portuguese in order to ensure its predominance in the region, especially against theDutch, at that time headquartered in what is todaySuriname. The fort was constructed in rock and clay, with fourcannons guarding the curtains.[11] It continued to function for more than 100 years. Next to the fort there were many indigenousmestizos, who helped in its construction and began to live in the vicinity.[11]
The population grew so much that, in 1695, the missionaries (Carmelite,Jesuit,Franciscan) built a nearbychapel dedicated toNossa Senhora da Conceição (Our Lady of the Conception), who, in time, became the patron saint of the city.[12] A Royal Charter of March 3, 1755 created the captaincy of São José do Rio Negro, with capital in Mariuá (nowBarcelos), but with the governor, Lobo D'Almada, fearing a Spanish invasion, the seat went back to Lugar de Barra in 1791. Being located at the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers, it was a strategic point. On November 13, 1832, Lugar da Barra was elevated totown status and named Manaus. On October 24, 1848, under Law 145 of the Provincial Assembly of Para, it was renamed the City of Barra do Rio Negro. On September 4, 1856, the governor, Herculano Ferreira Pena, finally gave it the name "Manaus".[13]
TheCabanagem was the revolt in which blacks, Native Americans, andmestizos fought against the white political elite and took power in 1835. The Cabanagem reduced the population of the then state ofGrão-Pará from about 100,000 to 60,000.[14] The involvement of rebels from the Upper Amazon (Manaus today) in what was originally a movement based inBelém was crucial for the birth of the current state of the Amazon. During the brief period of revolution, the Cabanos of the Upper Amazon, bands of rebels, roamed throughout the region, occupying Manaus twice, and, in most settlements, their arrival was greeted by the non-white population spontaneously joining their ranks, leading to a greater number of adherents to the movement. With that there was an integration of people in the region thus forming the state.[15]
Manaus was at the center of the Amazon region'srubber boom during the late 19th century. For a time, it was "one of the gaudiest cities of the world".[16] Historian Robin Furneaux wrote of this period, "No extravagance, however absurd, deterred" the rubber barons. "If one rubber baron bought a vast yacht, another would install a tame lion in his villa, and a third would water his horse on champagne."[17] The city built a grand opera house, with vast domes and gilded balconies, and using marble, glass, and crystal, from around Europe. The opera house cost ten million (public-funded) dollars. In one season, half the members of one visiting opera troupe died ofyellow fever.[18] The opera house, called theTeatro Amazonas, was effectively closed for most of the 20th Century. However it was used in scenes of theWerner Herzog filmFitzcarraldo (1982). After a gap of almost 90 years, it reopened to produce live opera in 1997 and is now attracting performers from all over the world.[19]
When the seeds of the rubber tree were smuggled out of the Amazon region to be cultivated on plantations in Southeast Asia,[Note 1] Brazil and Peru lost their monopoly on the product. The rubber boom ended abruptly, many people left its major cities, and Manaus fell into poverty. The rubber boom had made possible electrification of the city before it was installed in many European cities, but the end of the rubber boom made the generators too expensive to run. The city was not able to generate electricity again for years.[19]
In the 1960s during the establishment of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the newly installed government concerned about the "demographic gap in Brazil", began to introduce numerous projects in the interior of the country, especially in the Amazon region, with the introduction of the Manaus free trade zone in 1967,[20] and with the opening of new roads within the region, the city had a wide period of investments in financial and economic capital, both national and international, attracted by the tax incentives granted by the free zone, in this period, Manaus had enormous demographic growth becoming one of the most populous cities in Brazil.[21]
Manaus was one of the host cities of the2014 FIFA World Cup and one of the seats of some Olympic football games.[22] It was the only host city in the Amazon rainforest and the most geographically isolated, being further north and west than any of the other host cities. A massiveprison riot occurredin January 2017, having begun in Manaus and later spreading to two additional cities in Brazil,[23] thus unleashing security problems within the country.[24][25]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, an estimated 76% of the population of Manaus was infected with coronavirus,[26] and the possibility ofherd immunity was discussed.[27][28] However, a second outbreak infected people in Manaus, this time with theLineage B.1.1.248 variant starting in early January 2021.[29][30]
Manaus is located in the middle of theAmazon Rainforest. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remainingrainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract oftropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-richbiome, and tropical forests in theAmericas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests inAfrica andAsia.[31] As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleledbiodiversity. More than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest.[32]
Despite being located in the Amazon, Manaus is densely developed and has few green areas in the city. The largest green areas are:
Mindu Park, located in the center-south of the city, the district Park 10. The Park of Mindú, established in 1989, is one of the largest and most visited parks in the city.
Bilhares Park, established in 2005, located in the south-central region of Manaus, in the neighborhood ofPlanalto [pt] ("plateau").
Area of the green hill of Aleixo, created in the 1980s, located in the east of the city and is one of the largest urban green areas.
Sumaúma State Park, a state park located in the north of Manaus, in the New Town district. It is the smallest state park of the Brazilian Amazon Basin.
Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve, a biological reserve established in 1963, and covers an area of 100 square kilometres (10,000 hectares, 39 square miles). The Reserve is managed by INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia—National Institute for Amazon Research).
Part of theAnavilhanas National Park, a 350,018-hectare (864,910-acre) conservation unit that was originally an ecological station created in 1981.[33]
The 86,601-hectare (214,000-acre)Rio Negro State Park South Section, created in 1995, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) by boat to the northwest of the city.[36]
Manaus has atropical monsoon climate (Am) according to theKöppen climate classification system, just dry enough in its driest month to not be atropical rainforest climate, with the average annual compensated temperature of 27.4 °C (81.3 °F) and highair humidity, with a rainfall index around 2,300 mm (90.6 in) annually. The seasons are relatively well-defined concerning rain: July to September is relatively dry, and December to May (summer and autumn) is very rainy. Summer and autumn are colder than winter and spring (June to November). Thunderstorms are frequent every day in the summer (December to February), but they can occur at any time of the year. There have been occasional occurrences ofhail in the city.[37]
Due to the city's proximity to theequator, the heat is constant in the local climate. There are no cold days in winter (June to August), instead winter is hotter than summer. Periodically, very intense polarair masses occur in theSouth-Central part of Brazil and in the southwest of theAmazon, and have some effect on the city, as occurred in August 1955. But although they are rare, they influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop to 18 °C (64.4 °F) or below.[38] The proximity to the forest usually avoids extremes of heat and makes the city wet.[39]
According to the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the highest temperature registered in the city was 39 °C (102.2 °F), in 2015 and the lowest was 12 °C (53.6 °F) in 1989.
On November 26, 2009, a case ofacid rain was recorded in Manaus. Air pollution, caused in large part by the accumulation of smoke from burning, associated with thesulfur dioxide emitted by cars, was the cause of this phenomenon. Although the incidence of acid rain is common in some Brazilian capitals where there is a great concentration of cars, in Manaus and other cities of theAmazonas the situation is aggravated by the prolonged period of drought with the smoke from forest fires.[40]
Climate data for Manaus (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present)
The urban area covers all or part of four river basins, all tributaries of the Rio Negro. The São Raimundo and Educandos streams are completely contained in the city. TheTarumã Açu forms the western boundary of the city in its lower reaches, and is fed by several tributaries that originate in the Ducke Reserve and run through the north and west of the city. ThePuraquequara forms the east boundary of the urban area in its lower section.[51]
São Sebastião squareManaus region seen from space in 2018.
According to theIBGE in 2019, there were 2,182,763 people residing in the city, and 2,676,936 people in theMetropolitan Region of Manaus. The population density was 191.45 inhabitants per square kilometre (495.9/sq mi).
The city's population growth is above the national average, and 10% above the average for the capital (Brasilia). Most of the population is located in the North and East regions of the city, and the New Town (northern area) theneighborhood is the most populous, with more than 260,000 residents.
According to the results of the last census, the city's population increased from 343,038 inhabitants in 1960 to 622,733 in 1970. By 1990, the population grew to 1,025,979 inhabitants, increasing its density to 90 inhabitants per square kilometre (230/sq mi).
According to a 2013 genetic study, the ancestry of the inhabitants of Manaus is 45.9% European, 37.8% Native American, and 16.3% African.[53]
Manaus is divided into seven regions: North, Southern, Central-South, East, West, Mid-West, and Rural area. The eastern region of the city is the most populated, with approximately 600,000 inhabitants (2007).[55] The northern region of the city has had the highest rate of population growth in recent years, and has the largestneighborhood of the city, the Nova Cidade neighborhood. The Center-South region has the highestper capita income.[56] The Eastern Zone is known for having a large number of hills.
The firstneighborhood (bairro) established in Manaus was Educandos. From there, other areas of the city began to be occupied since the arrival of migrants from other regions of Brazil.
Manaus has the largest neighborhood in Latin America, the neighborhood of Cidade Nova, which has 264,449 inhabitants, but it is estimated that the population exceeds 300,000 inhabitants. Cidade Nova is larger than all thecities inside the rest of Amazonas state.[57] With the permanence and the strengthening ofFree Economic Zone of Manaus, the city began to receive investments and constant migration of people from many parts of the state andnorthern Brazil.
The wealthiest neighborhood in Manaus is Adrianópolis, located in the Central-South Area of the city. Downtown Manaus is located in the Southern area of the city, next toRio Negro River. After years of development, the historical center has been neglected by the authorities and it has become an area mostly for commerce and poor housing. There is a plan to restore the city centre to its former glory by removing beggars and irregular sellers from sidewalks and by doing that provide more safety for tourists and locals who are trying to walk in the historical areas of the city. All these plans were prompted by the 2014 World Cup.
Manaus is the sixth-largest economy in Brazil. According toIBGE in 2014, its GDP wasR$67,5 billion.[58] Theper capita income for the city was R$33,446.[59] Although the main industry of Manaus through much of the 20th century wasrubber, its importance has declined. Given its location, fish, wild fruits like Açaí and Cupuaçu, andBrazil nuts initiate important trades, as do petroleum refining, soap manufacturing, and chemical industries. Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives has turned the surrounding region into a major industrial center (the Free Economic Zone of Manaus).
The initial idea of a Free Trade Port in Manaus came from Deputy Francisco Pereira da Silva and was subsequently formalized by Law No. 3.173 on June 6, 1957. The project was approved by the National Congress on October 23, 1951, under No. 1.310 and regulated by Decree No. 47.757 on February 2, 1960. It was then amended by rapporteur Maurício Jopper, an engineer, who by agreement with the original author, justified the creation of a Free Trade Zone instead of a Free Trade Port.
For the first ten years, the ZFM (Manaus Free Trade Zone) was located in a warehouse rented from Manaus Harbour, in the Port of Manaus, and relied on federal funds. It was perhaps due to this lack of its own resources that there was little credibility in the project. On February 28, 1967, PresidentCastelo Branco signed Decree-Law No. 288, which redefined the Manaus Free Trade Zone in more concrete terms. The new Decree-Law stipulated that the Manaus Free Trade Zone would have a radius of 10 km (6.2 mi) with an industrial center as well as an agricultural center and that these would be given the economic means to allow for regional development in order to lift the Amazon out of the economic isolation that it had fallen into at that time.
On August 28, 1967, the Manaus Free Trade Zone Authority, SUBFRAME, was created. SUBFRAME is an independent body with its own legal status and assets and has financial and administrative autonomy. Tax incentives and the subsequent complementary legislation created comparative advantages in the region with respect to other parts of the country and as a result the Manaus Free Trade Zone attracted new investment to the area. These incentives constituted tax exemptions administered federally by SUBFRAME and SUDAM.
There is a prison, Anisio Jobim Penitentiary Complex.[65] There are other prisons too. Forty prisoners were found dead at four different prisons in Manaus.[66]
Eduardo Gomes International Airport is the airport serving Manaus. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has threecargoterminals.
Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement,[67] handling the import and export demand from the ManausIndustrial Complex. For this reason, Infraero invested in the construction of the third cargo terminal, opened on December 14, 2004.TAM Airlines also inaugurated its own cargo terminal near the airport in 2008, which claims to be the largest cargo terminal in Brazil. The country's major dedicated freight route is between Manaus andViracopos International Airport, which is operated by wide-body jets. Other freight routes include North America and Europe.
Apart from the Eduardo Gomes International Airport and Ponta Pelada Airport, Manaus is also served byFlores Airport, used by small propeller aircraft and helicopters about 6 kilometres (4 miles) north of the city centre, simply known as the "Aeroclube" (Portuguese:Flying club). On Sundays, it is used for parachuting and where flying classes can be hired. Due to the fact that it is surrounded by residential areas, and has a recent history of crashes, it is under constant pressure to be moved.
There are two federal highways that intersect Manaus. There is a paved road heading North (BR-174) connecting Manaus toBoa Vista, the capital of the State ofRoraima and to Venezuela. Strictly speaking, Manaus is connected by road to the rest of Brazil, as it is possible to drive continuously from Manaus into Venezuela, and then reenter Brazil through theBR-364 inAcre and its capital,Rio Branco, therefore passing through the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. As such a route is impractical for most motorists, the vast majority of transportation to and from Manaus is by boat or plane, except for journeys toRoraima.The Independent noted that "there are still no roads to Manaus" from the rest of the country.[68]
TheBR-319 heads South connecting Manaus toPorto Velho, the state capital ofRondônia. However, access to this highway requires a ferry crossing toCareiro, across theRio Negro andAmazon River, which takes about 40 minutes, and then is only paved for about another 100 kilometers (60 mi) to Castanho. After that, the highway is not paved, and cannot be used. Various governments have promised to recover this land-link with the rest of the country, but environmental issues, high costs and complicated logistics have impeded any progress so far.
The two major state highways are the AM-010 and the AM-070. The AM-010 heads east, toItacoatiara, Amazonas at the banks of the Amazon River, which is the third largest city of the state. The AM-070 heads south, starting on the other side of the newRio Negro Bridge at Manaus, and reachingManacapuru, which lies at the banks of theSolimoes River, also known as the upper River Amazon, and which is the fourth largest city of the state. Both roads are paved and operate all year round.
Ships dock at the main port in Manaus directly downtown on the banks of the Negro River. The terraced city is home to a network of bridged channels that divide it into several compartments. Severalmobile phonecompanies have manufacturing plants in the port area, and other majorelectronicsmanufacturers also have plants there. Major exports going through the port include Brazil nuts,chemicals,petroleum, electrical equipment, and forest products.[citation needed]
Regular Manaus taxis are white and can be stopped anywhere. They are organized into separate cooperatives, each with their own contact phone numbers. All taxis are metered, which does not necessarily mean the meter will be used.
The 'special' taxi cars are typically black and of a higher quality than the white taxis, and will charge a fixed rate for all journeys or daily hire. Most can only be booked locally; however, the reputable Brazil Airport Transfers[69] has recently started providing airport transfer and general transportation services in Manaus.
The bus system in Manaus is quite extensive and there are buses and vans that go to most destinations, including the popular tourist destinations. There is a very simplebus website that permits the planning of routes.
Panorama of theRio Negro Bridge, which connects the cities of Manaus andIranduba. It is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Brazil, being 3,595 meters (11,794 ft) in length.
Theannual calendar offestivals in Manaus starts in late February / early March. The Manauscarnival (carnaval) celebrations are a good start to upcoming events and include traditional processions and samba dancing at the Sambódromo in the Centro de Convenções (Convention Centre). May is a popular time to pay a visit to Manaus, since the city hosts both the Ponta Negra Music and the Amazonas de Opera festivals during this month. Staged at the Teatro Amazonas, the Opera Festival lasts around three weeks and usually runs into early June. The Floclorico do Amazonas (Amazonas Folklore Festival) is in June, and this has grown to become a major event, involving a huge array offolk dancing andmusic, culminating in the Procissao Fluvial de São Pedro (St. Peter River Procession), when hundreds of riverboats sail along theRio Negro, honouring the patron saint of fishermen.
October 24 was the day in 1848 that Manaus legally became a city. Thisanniversary is always cause for a party, culminating in fireworks at the end of the day. In November is the week-long Amazonas Film Festival, withfilms anddocumentaries often emphasisingecology,ethnology andhuman relationships.[70]
February—Amazonas Carnival—samba schools parade at the "sambódromo" in the Convention Center
May—Ponta Negra's Music Festival
May—Amazonas Opera Festival
June—Amazonas Folklore Festival
June 29—São Pedro Fluvial Procession
July—Amazonas Jazz Festival
September 5—Elevation of Amazonas to the category of Brazilian Province
Because of Manaus' location within theAmazon rainforest, it attracts a substantial number of Brazilian and foreign tourists, who come to see wildlife on land and in the rivers. It is also home to one of the most endangered primates in Brazil, thepied tamarin.
Tour boats leave Manaus to see the Meeting of the Waters, where the black waters of the Negro River meet the brown waters of the Solimoes River, flowing side by side without mixing for about 9 km (6 mi). Visitors can also explore riverbanks and "igarapes", swim andcanoe in placid lakes, simply walk in the lushforest or stay athotels in the jungle.
About 18 km (11 mi) from downtown is Ponta Negra beach, a neighbourhood that has a beachfront and popular nightlife area.[72] A luxurious hotel is located at the west end of Ponta Negra; itszoo and orchid greenhouse as well as preserved woods and beach are open for public visits.
TheMercado Adolpho Lisboa, founded in 1882, is the city's oldest marketplace, trading in fruit, vegetables, and especially fish. It is a copy of the Les Halles market of Paris.[73] Other interesting historical sites include thecustoms building, of mixed styles and medieval inspiration; the Rio Negro Palace cultural center; and theJustice Palace, right next to the Amazonas Opera House.
Manaus has also many large parks with native forest preservation areas, such as the Bosque da Ciência and Parque do Mindú. The largest urban forest in the world is located within theFederal University of Amazonas, which was founded on January 17, 1909, and is the oldest federal university in Brazil.
Manaus also has several Malls such as Manauara Shopping, Amazonas Shopping Center, Millennium Shopping, Shopping Ponta Negra, Studio 5 Festival Mall, Shopping Cidade Nova, Manaus Plaza Shopping, Shopping Sao José, and other small Shopping Areas. Most of these malls include large food courts and movie theaters.
The city's cultural calendar throughout the year includes the Opera, Theater, Jazz, and Cinema festivals, as well as Boi Manaus (usually held around Manaus' anniversary on the 24th of October), which is a great celebration of Northern Brazilian culture through Boi-Bumbá music.
The Amazonas Opera House, inaugurated in 1896, has 700 seats and was constructed with bricks brought fromEurope, Frenchglass, and Italianmarble. Several importantopera and theater companies, as well as internationalorchestras, have already performed there. The theater is home to theAmazonas Philharmonic orchestra which regularly rehearses and performs there along with choirs, jazz bands, dance performances, and more.[74]
Ponta Negra beach, located 13 km (8.1 mi) from downtown Manaus, is one of the city's most important tourist attractions. It also has anamphitheater with a capacity of 15.000 people.
Lua Beach.
Adolpho Ducke Botanical Garden
The Adolpho DuckeBotanical Garden, inside a 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) ecological reserve, holds a huge number of plant and animal species.[75]
Mindu Municipal Park
Cruise ship on the Negro River on the way to the city of Manaus.
It is located in anurban area, in the November 10 Park district. It was created in 1992 to be an area of ecological interest. It covers an area of 330,000 m2 (3,552,090 sq ft) of forest remaining from the Township, and is used for scientific, educational, cultural and tourist activities. It is one of the lasthabitats for thepied tamarin, a species ofmonkey that only inhabits the Manaus region and is considered to be at high risk ofextinction. It is possible to walk through four distinctecosystems in thepark: land covered by secondary growth, firm ground brush, sandbanks and degraded areas that were illegally cleared in 1989. It also has anamphitheater for 600 people,gardens planted withmedicinal andaromatic herbs, an orchid nursery, aerial trails, and signs aiming to develop environmentaleducation programs.[76]
The Tarumã, Tarumãzinho, and Cachoeira das Almas bayous (branches of rivers), located near the city, are leisure spots for the population on weekends. Manaus has several public swimming areas that are being remodeled and urbanized lately. There are also many private clubs that can be visited.
The Meeting of Waters (Portuguese:Encontro das Àguas) is a natural phenomenon caused by theconfluence of the Rio Negro's dark water and the Solimões River's muddy brown water that come together to form the Amazonas River. For 6 km (3.7 mi) or more, both rivers'waters run side by side without mixing.
The reason for this is not clear, although it is likely that the main factors are differences in the speed of the current, the volumes of water and the different densities of the two rivers. It is not thought that other differences between the two rivers (temperature and acidity) affect the mixing process significantly.[77] The Negro River flows approximately 2 km/h (1.2 mph) at 28 °C (82 °F), while the Solimões River flows 4 to 6 km/h (2.5 to 3.7 mph) at 22 °C (72 °F).[78]
For outings to beaches and parks situated near the city, it is often necessary to useboats. The beaches are formed right after the river water level starts dropping, which lasts from August to November. Starting in December, as the river rises, thewaters invade the sand and the woods on the banks. The Paricatuba Waterfall, located on the right bank of theNegro River, along a small tributary, is formed by sedimentary rocks, surrounded by abundant vegetation. Access is by boat. The best time to visit is from August to February. Love Cascade located in the Guedes bayou, with cold and crystal-clear water, is accessible only by boat and, then, hiking through the forest.
Tupé Beach is approximately 34 km (21 mi) from Manaus. Thisbeach is well frequented by bathers on holidays and weekends. It is accessible only by boat. Moon Beach is located on the left bank of the Negro River, 23 km (14 mi) from Manaus. It is accessed only by boat. The beach is shaped like a crescent moon and is surrounded byrarevegetation. Lion Waterfall is located on km 34 of the AM-010 highway (Manaus-Itacoatiara).
The most successful club in Manaus isNacional Futebol Clube, founded on 13 January 1913. Formerly a participant of thehighest division several times between 1970 and 1990, Nacional are 40-timestate champions, which makes them the highest-rankedAmazonian football club in theCBF ranking, the national state championships record holder, and the state record holder for the most championship titles.
Manaus was chosen in 2009 to be a host city for the2014 FIFA World Cup, after a competition to represent the North Region of Brazil with neighboringPará state capital,Belém.
Manaus was restructured in order to host such a big event. A new airport was built, streets throughout the city were repaved and new and improved sidewalks were built. The communications infrastructure of the city was improved with4G networks installed by the biggest mobile phone carriers in Brazil.
TheVivaldão, previously the largest stadium in Manaus, was inaugurated in 1970 by the Brazilian national team in their last game in the country before they headed to their victorious1970 World Cup in Mexico. It was demolished to be replaced by the 44,000-seaterArena Amazônia for the 2014 World Cup.[80]
The first 2014 World Cup match held in Manaus wasEngland vs Italy on June 14. The second match wasCameroon vs Croatia on June 18, to be followed byUSA vs Portugal on June 22. The last wasHonduras vs Switzerland on June 25. Manaus, known for its intense heat and humidity, was the site of the World Cup's first-ever official water break on June 22 in the match between Portugal and the United States.
In the anime and mangaDr. Stone, an explosion located in the coordinates 3° 7' S, 60° 1' W, roughly in the municipal cemetery of Manaus, caused the petrification of all humans on earth in the year 2019.
The city of Manaus and its surrounding Amazon region are also depicted in Ann Patchett's novel State of Wonder, which explores scientific expeditions and the mysteries of the rainforest.
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^"Panorama Manaus".cidades.ibge.gov.br (in Portuguese). IBGE- (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics).Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. RetrievedJune 21, 2017.
^BRUNA CHAGAS in collaboration with Folha, in Manaus; RUBENS VALENTE special envoy for Folha in Manaus. (January 3, 2017)."Prison fight between gangs leads to 56 deaths in Manaus". FOLHA.Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. RetrievedFebruary 3, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^PARNA de Anavilhanas (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental,archived from the original on 2016-05-06, retrieved2016-04-30{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^"Insolação Total (horas)".Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived fromthe original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved25 May 2024.
^"Station Manaus" (in French). Meteo Climat.Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved26 October 2018.
^Rovere, Ana Lúcia Nadalutti La; Crespo, Samyra; Velloso, Rui (2002),Projeto geo cidades: relatório ambiental urbano integrado: informe GEO: Manaus(PDF) (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: PNUMA; Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Secretaria de Qualidade Ambiental nos Assentamentos Humanos; Consórcio Perceria 21, p. 68,archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-02-02, retrieved2016-06-28
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