Mamie Smith | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mamie Robinson |
| Born | (1891-05-26)May 26, 1891[1] Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | August 16, 1946(1946-08-16) (aged 55) Staten Island, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Blues,vaudeville |
| Occupation | Singer |
Mamie Smith (néeRobinson; May 26, 1891[1] – August or September 16, 1946) was an American singer. As avaudeville singer, she performed in multiple styles, includingjazz andblues. In 1920, she entered blues history as the first African-American artist to make vocal blues recordings.Willie "The Lion" Smith (no relation) described the background of these recordings in his autobiographyMusic on My Mind (1964).
Robinson was born inCincinnati,Ohio in 1891. The year of her birth has been given as 1883,[2][3] but in 2018, researcher John Jeremiah Sullivan discovered her birth certificate stating she was born in Cincinnati in 1891.[1]
When she was around age 10, she found work touring with the Four Dancing Mitchells, a white act.[4] As a teenager, she danced inSalem Tutt Whitney'sSmart Set.[3] In 1913, she left the Tutt Brothers to sing in clubs inHarlem and married William "Smitty" Smith, a singer.[4]
On February 14, 1920, Smith recorded "That Thing Called Love" and "You Can't Keep a Good Man Down" for theOkeh label in New York City,[5] after African-American songwriter and bandleaderPerry Bradford persuadedFred Hager to break the color barrier in black music recording.[6] Okeh Records recorded many iconic songs by black musicians. Although this was the first recording by a black blues singer, the backing musicians were all white. Hager had received threats from Northern and Southern pressure groups saying they would boycott the company if he recorded a black singer.[6] Despite these threats, the record was a commercial success and opened the door for more black musicians to record.[7]
Smith's biggest hits were the August 10, 1920 recordings of a set of songs written byPerry Bradford, including "Crazy Blues" and "It's Right Here for You (If You Don't Get It, 'Tain't No Fault of Mine)", again for Okeh Records,[8][9][10] A million copies were sold in less than a year.[11] Many were bought by African Americans, and there was a sharp rise in sales of "race records".[12] Because of its historical significance, "Crazy Blues" was inducted into theGrammy Hall of Fame in 1994[13] and was selected for preservation in theNational Recording Registry of theLibrary of Congress in 2005.[14]
Although other African Americans had been recorded earlier, such asGeorge W. Johnson in the 1890s, they were performing music that had a substantial following among European-American audiences. The success of Smith's record prompted record companies to seek to record other female blues singers and began the era of what is now known asclassic female blues.[10]
Smith continued to make popular recordings for Okeh throughout the 1920s. In 1924, she made three releases forAjax Records, which, while heavily promoted, did not sell well.[15] She made some records forVictor. She toured the United States and Europe with the band Mamie Smith & Her Jazz Hounds as part ofMamie Smith's Struttin' Along Review.[16]
She was billed as "The Queen of the Blues", a billing soon one-upped byBessie Smith, who was called "The Empress of the Blues". Mamie found that the mass medium of radio provided a means of gaining additional fans, especially in cities with predominantly white audiences. For example, she and several members of her band performed on KGW in Portland, Oregon in early May 1923 and received positive reviews.[17]
Recording lineups of the Jazz Hounds included (from August 1920 to October 1921) Jake Green, Curtis Moseley,Garvin Bushell,Johnny Dunn, Dope Andrews, Ernest Elliot,Porter Grainger, Leroy Parker andBob Fuller, and (from June 1922 to January 1923)Coleman Hawkins,Everett Robbins,Johnny Dunn, Herschel Brassfield,Herb Flemming,Buster Bailey Cutie Perkins,Joe Smith,Bubber Miley, and Cecil Carpenter.[18]
While recording with the Jazz Hounds, she recorded as Mamie Smith and Her Jazz Band, comprising George Bell, Charles Matson,Nathan Glantz, Larry Briers,Jules Levy, Jr.,Joe Samuels, together with musicians from the Jazz Hounds, including Hawkins, Fuller and Carpenter.[19]
Smith appeared in the early sound filmJailhouse Blues in 1929. She retired from recording and performing in 1931. She returned to performing in 1939 to appear in the movieParadise in Harlem, produced by her husband,Jack Goldberg.[14]
She also appeared in other films, includingMystery in Swing (1940),Sunday Sinners (1940),Stolen Paradise (1941),Murder on Lenox Avenue (1941), andBecause I Love You (1943).[20]
Smith died in 1946 in New York City,[21] reportedly penniless.[22] She was interred atFrederick Douglass Memorial Park on Staten Island, on ground which remained unmarked until 2013 when a monument was finally erected.
Initially, according to the Jas Obrecht Music Archive website, Smith was buried in an unmarked grave until 1963 when musicians from Iserlohn, West Germany used the money from a Hot Jazz benefit to buy a headstone that read "Mamie Smith (1883–1946): First Lady of the Blues". With the help of fellow blues singerVictoria Spivey andRecord Research Magazine publisherLen Kunstadt, Smith was re-interred at Frederick Douglass Memorial Park in Richmond, New York. Smith's re-interment was celebrated with a gala honoring the late singer on January 27, 1964.[22] However, according to the 2012 campaign website, Mamie Smith still was buried without a headstone 67 years after her death in 1946.
A successful campaign to finally acquire and erect a headstone for Smith was begun in 2012 by Michael and Anne Fanciullo Cala. The couple, respectively a blues journalist and editor, developed a months-long crowdfunding campaign on the Indiegogo website to purchase a headstone for Smith. The philanthropy Music Cares also supported the effort. The campaign raised over $8,000 that funded the creation of a four-foot-high etched granite headstone featuring an image of the late blues singer.
The monument was erected with great fanfare at Frederick Douglass Cemetery in Staten Island, New York on September 20, 2013. Excess funds from the campaign were donated to the cemetery for grounds care.[23]
| Year | Single | US Chart[24] |
|---|---|---|
| 1920 | "Crazy Blues" | 3 |
| 1921 | "Fare Thee Honey Blues" | 9 |
| "Royal Garden Blues" | 13 | |
| "You Can't Keep a Good Man Down" | 4 | |
| "Dangerous Blues" | 6 | |
| 1922 | "Lonesome Mama Blues" | 6 |
| 1923 | "You Can Have Him, I Don't Want Him Blues" | 13 |
| "You've Got to See Mama Ev'ry Night (or You Can't See Mama at All)" | 13 |
