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Foreign relations of Malaysia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromMalaysia and the Commonwealth of Nations)

This article is part ofa series on the
Politics of
Malaysia
Map of countries with diplomatic missions of Malaysia shown in blue.

Malaysia is an active member of various international organisations, including theCommonwealth of Nations, theUnited Nations, theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, and theNon-Aligned Movement. It has also in recent times been an active proponent of regional co-operation.

Foreign Policy 1957–1969

[edit]

Malaysia has been a member of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, when it entered into theAnglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) with the United Kingdom whereby Britain guaranteed the defence ofMalaya (and later Malaysia). The presence of British and other Commonwealth troops were crucial to Malaysia's security during theMalayan Emergency (1948–1960) and theIndonesian Confrontation (1962–1966), which was sparked by Malaya's merger with the British colonies of Singapore,Sarawak andNorth Borneo to form Malaysia in 1963.

The British defence guarantee ended following Britain's decision in 1967 to withdraw its forces east ofSuez, and was replaced in 1971 with theFive Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) by which Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore agreed to co-operate in the area of defence, and to "consult" in the event of external aggression or the threat of attack on Malaysia or Singapore. The FPDA continues to operate, and the Five Powers have a permanent Integrated Area Defence System based atRMAFButterworth, and organise annual naval and air exercises.

Under the leadership of Prime MinisterTunku Abdul Rahman (up to 1970), Malaysia pursued a strongly pro-Commonwealth anti-communist foreign policy. Nonetheless, Malaysia was active in the opposition toapartheid that saw South Africa quit the Commonwealth in 1961, and was a founding member of theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967 and theOrganisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1969, with the Tunku as its first Secretary-General in 1971.

Foreign policy since 1969

[edit]

Under Prime MinisterAbdul Razak Hussein, Malaysia shifted its policy towards non-alignment and neutrality. Malaysia's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries, regardless of their ideology or political system, and to further develop relations with other countries in the region.[1] In 1971, ASEAN issued its neutralist and anti-nuclearZone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) Declaration. In the same year, Malaysia joined theNon-Aligned Movement. Consistent with this policy Malaysia established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1974.

This policy shift was continued and strengthened by Prime MinisterMahathir Mohamad, who pursued a regionalist and pro-South policy with at times stridentanti-Western rhetoric. He long sought to establish an East Asian Economic Group as an alternative toAPEC, excluding Australia, New Zealand and the Americas, and during his premiership Malaysia signed up to an ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and ASEAN+3, a regional forum with China, Japan and South Korea.

A strong tenet of Malaysia's policy is national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs.[2]Malaysia views regional co-operation as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. It attaches a high priority to the security and stability of Southeast Asia, and has tried to strengthen relations with other Islamic states.[3] Malaysia was a leading advocate of expanding ASEAN's membership to include Laos, Vietnam, and Burma, arguing that "constructive engagement" with these countries, especially Burma, will help bring political and economic changes. Malaysia is also a member ofG-15 andG-77 economic groupings.

Despite Mahathir's frequently anti-Western rhetoric he worked closely with Western countries, and led a crackdown against Islamic fundamentalists after the11 September attacks. The current Minister of Foreign Affairs isDato' SeriHishamuddin Hussein, who assumed office on 10 March 2020.[4] withKamaruddin Jaafar was deputy minister.

Malaysia has never recognisedIsrael and has no diplomatic ties with it,[5] with the country ever condemning the Israelis action duringtheir raid over a Gaza humanitarian mission and request theInternational Criminal Court to take any action against them.[6] Malaysia has stated it will only establish an official relations with Israel once apeace agreement with theState of Palestine been reached and called for both parties to find a quick resolution.[5][7][8] Malaysian peacekeeping forces have contributed to many UN peacekeeping missions, such as inNamibia,Cambodia,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Somalia,East Timor andLebanon.[9][10] On July 29, 2024, Malaysia officially applied to join the BRICS economic bloc and geopolitical organization.[11]

International affiliations

[edit]

Malaysia is a founding member of theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation).[12][13] It is also a member of theNon-Aligned Movement.[14] Kuala Lumpur was the site of the firstEast Asia Summit in 2005,[3] and Malaysia has chaired ASEAN, the OIC, and the NAM in the past. A former British colony, it is also a member ofthe Commonwealth.[15]

Malaysia is affiliated with the United Nations and many of its specialised agencies, includingUNESCO,World Bank,International Monetary Fund,International Atomic Energy Agency;General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. It is also a member of theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, theDeveloping 8 Countries.[16][17][18]Asian Development Bank,Five-Power Defense Arrangement,G-77, andSouth Centre.[19] On 31 October 2011 Malaysia became a party to theAntarctic Treaty.[20]

International disputes

[edit]

The policy towards territorial disputes by the Malaysian government is one of pragmatism, solving disputes in a number of ways, including some resolved in theInternational Court of Justice.

Spratly and other islands in the South China Sea

[edit]
Main articles:Spratly Islands dispute andTerritorial disputes in the South China Sea

Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over theSpratly Islands together with China, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei. Tensions have eased since 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea". However, it is not the legally bindingcode of conduct sought by some parties.[21] Malaysia was not party to a March 2005 joint accord among thenational oil companies of China, the Philippines and Vietnam on conducting marineseismic activities in the Spratly Islands.[22] Malaysia long maintained a low-key approach to the dispute, maintaining positive relations with China due to strong economic ties, a large ethnic Chinese population, and a desire for a balance of power in the region.[23][24] However, as Chinese fishing vessels and coast guard ships have become increasingly assertive,[25] Malaysia has increased its diplomatic and military responses.[23][26][27]

Ligitan, Sipadan and Ambalat

[edit]
Main article:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute

The ICJ awardedLigitan andSipadan islands to Malaysia over Indonesia but left themaritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-richCelebes Sea in dispute,[21][28] culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to theAmbalat oil block.

Singapore

[edit]

Singaporewas a part of Malaysia for two years (1963–65), but it ultimately was asked byTunku to secede after increased racial tensions due to the election campaigns in 1964. Today, disputes continue among other things, over the pricing of deliveries of raw untreated water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation causing a negative environmental impact in Malaysian waters, a new bridge to replace theJohor-Singapore Causeway which Singapore does not want to pay for, maritime boundaries,[21] the redevelopment of Malayan Railway lands in Singapore andPedra Branca. Both parties however, agreed toICJ arbitration on the island dispute. On 24 May 2008, the International Court of Justice ruled that Pedra Branca belonged to Singapore with the nearby Middle Rocks going to Malaysia.[21][28] Regarding railway land in Singapore, see alsoMalaysia-Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990. On introducing budget flights between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, the stumbling block appears to be Malaysia's sympathy towards flag carrierMalaysia Airlines, and preference for the existing near duopoly with Singapore Airlines.

The Philippines

[edit]
Main article:North Borneo dispute

The Philippines has a dormant claim to easternSabah.[21][28]

Brunei

[edit]

Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is no longer in dispute. On 16 March 2009, Brunei announced its decision to drop a long-standing claim to Sarawak'sLimbang district.[29] This was the result of the two countries resolving their various land and sea territorial disputes.[30] This issue was resolved along with several other disputes with the sealing and signing of letters of exchange by Abdullah and the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei at Istana Nurul Iman. As of 2010, the two countries are working towards resolving disputes over their maritime boundaries.[21]

Thailand

[edit]

According to a source, the areas aroundKo Kra andKo Losin in present-day Thailand are once disputed with Malaysia.[31]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Malaysia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[32]
1Australia31 August 1957
2Cambodia31 August 1957
3Canada31 August 1957[33]
4Denmark31 August 1957
5France31 August 1957[34]
6Germany31 August 1957
7India31 August 1957[35]
8Indonesia31 August 1957[36]
9Italy31 August 1957[37]
10Japan31 August 1957
11Netherlands31 August 1957[38]
12Pakistan31 August 1957[39]
13Thailand31 August 1957
14United Kingdom31 August 1957
15United States31 August 1957[40]
16New Zealand25 September 1957
17Sri LankaOctober 1957[41]
18Belgium12 December 1957[42]
19Luxembourg1957
20Saudi Arabia1957
21Tunisia1957[43]
22Myanmar1 March 1958
23Sweden6 June 1958[44]
24Syria1958
25Brazil11 August 1959[45]
26Egypt10 November 1959[46]
27Greece16 November 1959
28   Nepal1 January 1960[47]
29South Korea23 February 1960
30Somalia17 December 1960[48]
31Cyprus1961
32Austria6 August 1962
33  Switzerland3 January 1963[49]
34Lebanon16 July 1963[50]
35Morocco1963[51]
36Philippines18 May 1964
37Turkey17 June 1964[52]
38Algeria26 November 1964
39Nigeria5 March 1965[53]
40Sudan26 March 1965[54]
41Kuwait28 March 1965[55]
42EthiopiaApril 1965[56]
43Singapore1 September 1965
44Jordan1965
45Kenya1965
46Laos1 July 1966
47Ghana29 March 1967[57]
48Russia3 April 1967
49Serbia4 May 1967[58]
50Spain12 May 1967
51Argentina7 June 1967[59]
52Norway8 March 1968[60]
53MaldivesSeptember 1968[61]
54Bulgaria4 January 1969[62]
55Romania22 March 1969[63]
56Hungary29 December 1969[64]
57Afghanistan24 January 1970[65]
58Iran16 June 1970[66]
59Poland21 June 1971[67]
60Mongolia8 September 1971
61Czech Republic16 September 1971
62Fiji30 January 1972[68]
63Bangladesh11 September 1972[69]
64Finland17 November 1972
65Vietnam30 March 1973
66Iraq6 April 1973[70]
—North Korea (suspended)30 June 1973
67Mexico27 March 1974
68Libya22 April 1974[71][72]
69China31 May 1974
70Qatar26 June 1974[73]
71Ireland12 September 1974[74]
72Bahrain25 November 1974[75]
73Cuba6 February 1975
74Malta8 October 1975[76]
75Jamaica28 November 1975[77]
76PortugalDecember 1975[78]
77Guyana26 April 1976
78Trinidad and Tobago11 June 1976[79]
79Papua New Guinea12 July 1976[80]
80Senegal1 April 1977[81]
81Costa Rica17 April 1977[82]
82Bolivia9 May 1977[82]
83Chile26 February 1979[83]
84Albania24 June 1981
85Antigua and Barbuda1981[84]
86Gambia1981[85]
87Kiribati15 March 1982[86]
88Mali21 August 1982[87]
89SamoaAugust 1982
90Tonga9 September 1982[88]
91Guinea29 September 1982[88]
92Tanzania29 September 1982[88]
93Oman4 January 1983[89]
94Solomon Islands10 January 1983[90]
95Tuvalu5 April 1983[91]
96Vanuatu5 April 1983
97United Arab Emirates23 June 1983[92]
98Brunei1 January 1984
99Yemen7 April 1986[93]
100Peru24 April 1986
101Mauritius13 August 1986[94]
102Venezuela18 December 1986
103Eswatini31 March 1987[95]
104Seychelles1 May 1987[81]
105Colombia19 August 1987[81]
106Zimbabwe25 September 1987[96]
107Uruguay5 January 1988
108Lesotho31 March 1988[97]
109Nauru11 November 1988[98]
—State of Palestine12 January 1989[99]
110Paraguay17 November 1989
111Ecuador1989
112Mozambique1989
113Zambia26 February 1990[100]
114Namibia21 March 1990[101]
115Botswana26 November 1990[102]
116Sierra Leone26 January 1991[103]
117Cameroon1 March 1991[104]
118Ivory Coast7 May 1991[105]
119Malawi6 November 1991[106]
120Estonia11 February 1992[107]
121Uzbekistan21 February 1992
122Ukraine3 March 1992[108]
123Belarus5 March 1992[109]
124Tajikistan11 March 1992
125Kazakhstan26 March 1992
126Kyrgyzstan2 April 1992
127Barbados10 April 1992[110]
—Cook Islands2 May 1992
128Croatia4 May 1992[111]
129Slovenia4 May 1992[112]
130Turkmenistan17 May 1992
131Federated States of Micronesia6 July 1992[113]
132Saint Kitts and Nevis30 July 1992[114]
133Saint Lucia9 October 1992[115]
134Bosnia and Herzegovina5 December 1992[116]
135Slovakia1 January 1993[117]
136Marshall Islands4 January 1993[118]
137Guatemala27 January 1993[119]
138Nicaragua17 February 1993[81]
139Moldova10 March 1993[120]
140Armenia11 March 1993[121]
141Azerbaijan5 April 1993[122]
142Georgia7 May 1993[123]
143Latvia12 June 1993[124]
144Suriname2 July 1993[125]
145North Macedonia22 July 1993[126]
146Panama24 July 1993[127]
147South Africa8 November 1993[128]
148Lithuania9 March 1994[129]
149Burkina Faso4 January 1995[130]
150Benin30 January 1995[131]
151Madagascar6 April 1995[81]
152Angola1995
153Cape Verde19 January 1996[132]
—Niue30 January 1996
154Burundi1996
155Eritrea2 December 1997[133]
156Democratic Republic of the Congo1997
157Liberia1997
158El SalvadorJune 1998[134]
159Djibouti3 August 1998[135]
160Uganda8 December 1998[136]
161Belize11 February 2000[137]
162Iceland4 April 2000[138]
163Central African Republic2000
164Comoros2000
165Guinea-Bissau2000
166Equatorial GuineaNovember 2001[139]
167Dominican Republic2001
168Bahamas2001
169Gabon2001
170Haiti2001
171Republic of the Congo2001
172Timor-Leste20 May 2002
173Mauritania2003
174San Marino29 January 2004[140]
175LiechtensteinJuly 2004
176Rwanda1 August 2005[141][142]
177Palau5 October 2005
178Montenegro17 August 2006[143]
179Monaco22 May 2007[144]
180Togo20 August 2008[145]
181Saint Vincent and the Grenadines11 November 2008[146]
182Grenada3 February 2009[147]
—Kosovo18 March 2011
—Holy See27 July 2011
183Niger24 April 2012[142]
184Honduras7 August 2013[148]
185Dominica19 January 2015
186São Tomé and Príncipe9 April 2015[149]
187South Sudan20 March 2024[150]
188Andorra25 September 2024[151]
189Chad25 June 2025[152]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

ASEAN

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Brunei1 January 1984

Brunei has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, andconsulates inKota Kinabalu andKuching. Malaysia maintains a high commission inBandar Seri Begawan. Both countries are full members of theCommonwealth of Nations. The states ofSarawak andSabah inEast Malaysia are connected to Brunei via thePan Borneo Highway. Brunei has denounced its claims onLimbang and recognises Malaysia's full sovereignty. In 2003, Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deep water seabeds and negotiations have stalemated prompting consideration of international adjudication.

 Cambodia31 August 1957[153]

More than 24,000 Cambodians visited Malaysia since the first half of 2012, while Malaysian visited to Cambodia numbered 54,000.[154] In 2011, bilateral trade between the two countries worth over US$319.5 million and in 2010 Malaysia were consider as one of the biggest investors in the country with the total investments were U$2.19 billion while Malaysian investments in Cambodia during the past two years totalling U$118 million.[154][155]

 Indonesia31 August 1957,[156] severed diplomatic relations 15 September 1963, restored 31 August 1967
 Laos1 July 1966

During the collapse of the Communist bloc, theSoviet Union could no longer afford aid for the development of Laos.[157] This made Laos seek aid from other countries to help develop their country and has led the country to adopt a neutral foreign policy.[157] When this policy of neutrality was adopted, relations with Malaysia were established.[157]

 Myanmar1 March 1958

Myanmar has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[158]

Relations between the two countries were established on 1 March 1957 and the first Burmese mission at the legation level was set up in Kuala Lumpur in June 1959 and later raised to the embassy level.[158]

 PhilippinesOctober 1959, severed 16 September 1963, restored 18 May 1964, severed 29 November 1968, restored 16 December 1969
  • The Philippines has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy inManila.
  • Despite religious differences (the former is mostly Muslim, while the latter is predominantly Roman Catholic). Malaysia and the Philippines share a one-of-a-kind relationship rooted on the basis ofgeography,ethnicity, and political aspirations.
  • Both countries are members of theAsian Union.
  • The countries are both involved in ongoing disputes over ownership of the Spratly Islands and the Philippines has a claim on the eastern Sabah in northern Borneo though this is currently not being actively pursued.
 Singapore1 September 1965

Singapore has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur and a Consulate in Johor Bahru, Malaysia and Malaysia has a High Commission in Singapore. Both countries are full members of theCommonwealth of Nations.See alsoMalaysia-Singapore border,Pedra Branca dispute

 Thailand31 August 1957

Thailand has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, andconsulates inGeorge Town andKota Bharu. Malaysia maintains an embassy inBangkok. Recently, Thai-Malay relations have soured considerably due to the ethnically-Malay Pattani separatists inthree southern provinces of Thailand.

 Vietnam30 March 1973
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Malaysia forged diplomatic ties with the modern-dayVietnamese state in March 1973 which have lasted until today. Relations between two countries were frosty in the late 1970s and 1980s as a result of theCambodian–Vietnamese War and the influx ofVietnamese boat people into Malaysia. The subsequent resolution of these issues in the late 1980s saw the cultivation of strong trade and economic ties, and bilateral trade between both countries grew exponentially in the 1990s. and later expanded to other areas of major co-operation includinginformation technology, education and defence in the 2000s.

East Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 China31 May 1974

China has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, andconsulates inGeorge Town,Kota Kinabalu andKuching. Malaysia maintains an embassy in Beijing, andconsulates in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi'an, Nanning and Guilin. Diplomatic relations were established in 1974.

Following the end of theCold War, diplomatic foreign relations between China and Malaysia immediately turned positive. Although issues arose from China's activities in the South China Sea, the political and cultural connections between the two nations strengthened. Both countries are full members ofAPEC, and there is asizeable population of Chinese in Malaysia.

 Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China)2 July 1971

Hong Kong enjoys significantautonomy in economic, trade, financial and monetary matters.[159] Currently, Malaysia has a consulate general office inWan Chai and the relations are mostly based on economic co-operation.[160]

 Japan31 August 1957[161]

Japan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and consulates inGeorge Town andKota Kinabalu. Malaysia maintains an embassy in Tokyo.

Bilateral economic trades between Malaysia and Japan have increased. In 2011, total trade between both countries was at MYR145.3 billion. Japan has increased its import ofliquefied natural gas to about 34%. Before 2007, the bilateral rate between both countries were at a deficit. About 1,400 Japanese companies are operating in Malaysia creating more than 11,000 job opportunities. Halal certification endorsement by the Malaysian government has allowed Malaysian companies in the halal food industry to compete well in the Japanese market. The building of a halal park in Japan is also considered.[162]

 North Korea30 June 1973,[163] diplomatic relations was severed 19 March 2021

North Korea maintained friendly diplomatic ties with Malaysia. In an effort to boost tourism between the two countries, North Korea announced that Malaysians will not require avisa to visit North Korea.[164] North Korea's flag carrier,Air Koryo has regular flights toKuala Lumpur. Recently, Malaysia'sBernama News Agency reported that the two countries will enhance co-operation in information-related areas.[165] North Korea maintains an embassy in Kuala Lumpur while Malaysia has an embassy in Pyongyang.[166][167] After the assassination ofKim Jong-nam due to poisoning atKuala Lumpur International Airport in February 2017 allegedly under the orders of the North Korean leader and his half-brotherKim Jong-un, relations between both countries steadily worsened, and as a response Malaysia gradually withdrew its ambassador from North Korea,[168] cancelled the visa-free entry for North Koreans for security reasons,[169] and decided to expel the North Korean ambassador.[170]

On 19 March 2021, North Korea severed diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the Kuala Lumpur High Court rejected North Korean businessman Mun Chol Myong's appeal against extradition to the United States on money laundering charges.[171][172] In response, the Malaysian Government defended the Malaysian judicial process and ordered the closure of the North Korean Embassy and expulsion of North Korean diplomats and their dependents.[173][174]

 South Korea23 February 1960

The two countries established relations in 1960. South Korean presidentLee Myung-bak was in Kuala Lumpur from 9–10 December 2010 for a two-day visit to commemorate the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between Malaysia and South Korea.[175]

 Mongolia8 September 1971

Malaysia has an honorary consulate inUlaanbaatar,[176] and Mongolia honorary consulate inBangkok was accredited to Malaysia.[177] However, since 2006, Mongolia has not presented any ambassador to Malaysia for seven years due to themurder of a Mongolian citizen on the country, but later decided to appointing an ambassador in 2014.[178]

 Taiwanearly 1960s[179]

Economic and cultural relations are still maintained with Malaysia which has a trade centre office inTaipei,[180] and Taiwan has an economic and cultural centre in Kuala Lumpur.[181]

Middle East

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Bahrain25 November 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1974[182]

Bahrain has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[183] and Malaysia has an embassy inManama.[184]

 Egypt10 September 1957
  • Egypt has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy inCairo.
 Iran7 October 1966

Diplomatic relations between Iran and Malaysia are brotherly and cooperative, with Iran having its embassy in Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia having its embassy inTehran. The two countries are members of theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation and theD8.

TheEconomic trade between Iran and Malaysia is quite sturdy as well, amounting to US$1.43billion as of 2008.[185] In 2010,ASEAN jointly with Iran opened atrade centre in Malaysia to promote trade ties between Iran and the regional countries.[186]

 Israel
None

Despite initial contact after the independence of Malaysia, no diplomatic relations were made. Malaysia consistently rejected relations with Israel as it tried to increase its relations with Arab states and shore up support for itsconflict with Indonesia. Malaysia officially declared it did not recognise Israel in 1966. Relations ceased to exist until the 1990s, when limited economic ties were made, although diplomatic ties were explicitly rejected. Malaysia has stated it will open ties with Israel once afinal solution been reach with the State of Palestine.[187]

 JordanJanuary 1966

Jordan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[188] and Malaysia has an embassy inAmman.[189] Relations between the two countries are mainly in economic and Islamic affairs.

Kuwait28 March 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1965[55]

Kuwait has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy inKuwait City.[190] Relations are mainly in economic co-operation.

 Lebanon1965

Lebanon has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[191] and Malaysia has an embassy inBeirut.[192]

 Oman15 January 1982[193]

Oman and Malaysia signed an agreement for Oman to import frozen chicken from Malaysia, costing 120 millionMalaysian ringgit. Oman imports most of its food, up to 80%.[194]

 Palestine

Palestine has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[195] Malaysia is a supporter of thePalestinian bid for UN membership.[196]

 Qatar1974

Malaysia has an embassy inDoha,[197] and Qatar has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[198]

 Saudi Arabia1957

Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy inRiyadh. Relations, both diplomatic and economic, are quite close between the two Muslim-majorityOIC members. Additionally, there is a sizeable population of Malaysianmigrant workers in Saudi Arabia.

 Syria1958

Syria has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy inDamascus. Syria and Malaysia negotiated over a $30 billion worth of contracts over Malaysian companies building infrastructure in Syria.[199]

 Turkey17 June 1964[200]SeeMalaysia–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates1974

United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy inAbu Dhabi.

 Yemen

Malaysia has an embassy inSana'a,[202] and Yemen has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[203]

South Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Bangladesh11 September 1972
 India8 October 1957[206]
  • India has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a high commission in New Delhi.
  • Both countries are full members of theCommonwealth of Nations, and theAsian Union.
  • India and Malaysia are also connected by various cultural and historical ties that date back to antiquity.
  • The two countries are on excellently friendly terms with each other seeing asMalaysia is home to great number of Indians who have become naturalised.
  • Prime Minister Najib Razak made his official trip to India in January 2010.
  • Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh made a three-day official visit in November 2010.
 Maldives1968

Malaysia's High Commission inColombo is also accredited to the Maldives,[207] and Maldives has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur.[208]

   Nepal1 January 1960

Malaysia has an embassy inKathmandu,[209] and Nepal has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[210] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960,[211] with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds.[212]

 Pakistan1957

Pakistan has its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has its High Commission inIslamabad. Pakistan has strong brotherly relations with Malaysia. Both are members ofOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and theCommonwealth of Nations.

There is a trade and cultural pact between the two countries, under which the import and export of various goods is done on fairly large scale. The President and the Prime Minister of Pakistan along with other high officials visited Malaysia many times and Malaysian officials also paid a good will visit to Pakistan. Both countries enjoy close relations and military links of mutual friendship and the co-operation has further strengthened.

Since the independence of Malaysia, Pakistan has supported the re-unification of Singapore,Pattani and Brunei as integral part of Kuala Lumpur's administration; it also considers theRiau Islands as part of the Malayan Federation since its independence in 1957.

Pakistan and Malaysia are linked by air transport.Pakistan International Airlines andMalaysia Airlines operate many weekly flights betweenKarachi and Kuala Lumpur. Both Malaysia and Pakistan were a part of the South east Asian version ofNATO calledSEATO also known as a 'mutual defence pact'.[citation needed]

 Sri LankaOctober 1957

Malaysia has a High Commission in Colombo,[213] and Sri Lanka has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur.[214]

Diplomatic relations have been established since 1957.PresidentChandrika Kumaratunga made a state visit in 1997 and severalmemorandum of understanding (MoU) were signed during the meeting.[215]

Other parts of Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Azerbaijan5 April 1993
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy inKuala Lumpur,[216] and Malaysia has an embassy inBaku.[217]
  • Malaysia recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 31 December 1991 and on 5 April 1993 diplomatic relations were established.[218]
 East Timor20 May 2002

East Timor has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[219] and Malaysia has an embassy inDili.[220]

Since 1999, Malaysia has contributed to manyUN peacekeeping missions on the country, such as one are theOperation Astute during the2006 East Timorese crisis.[221] Malaysia also has provided assistance to East Timor in the area of human resources development through various training programmes and providing assistance to East Timor in its nation building efforts.[221]

 Kazakhstan16 March 1992

Kazakhstan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur while Malaysia has an embassy inAstana. Both are members ofOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

 Kyrgyzstan26 March 1992
  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[222]
  • Malaysia embassy inTashkent is also accredited to Kyrgyzstan.[223]
 Tajikistan11 March 1992
  • Tajikistan embassy in Putrajaya is currently under construction.[224][225]
  • Both countries have been enjoying warm diplomatic relations since relations were established on 11 March 1992, and are willing to make constructive efforts towards progress.[226]
 Turkmenistan17 May 1992
 Uzbekistan21 February 1992[229]

Europe

[edit]
See also:Malaysia–European Union relations
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Albania23 June 1981
  • Albania had an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, but it has since closed.
 Armenia11 March 1993SeeForeign relations of Armenia
  • Armenia is represented in Malaysia through its embassy in New Delhi (India).
  • Malaysia is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
 Austria6 August 1962

Austria has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[230] and Malaysia has an embassy inVienna.[231]

Malaysia is one of Austria's most important trading partners in Southeast Asia.[232] In 2003, Austrian exports to Malaysia, covering a wide range of products such as machinery andcomponents, especiallyelectrical machinery and parts thereof, paper,paperboard, telecommunication equipment and medical andpharmaceutical products, declined by 10.8% to 82.6 million. Malaysian imports to Austria, consisting mainly of one product group, namelyelectronic and electrical goods, especiallysemiconductors, reduced by half to 236.4 million. In Kuala Lumpur, the Austrian Trade office offers support to Austrian and Malaysian companies to assist them in forging new partnerships.

Austrian PresidentHeinz Fischer made a state visit to Malaysia on 7–9 November 2010, visiting Kuala Lumpur andMalacca Town.

 Belarus5 March 1992
 Belgium1957

Belgium has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy inBrussels.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina5 December 1992
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[234]
  • Malaysia has an embassy inSarajevo.[234]
 Croatia4 May 1992

Croatia has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[235] and Malaysia has an embassy inZagreb.[236]

 Czech Republic16 September 1971 and 1 January 1993
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[237]
  • Malaysia has an embassy inPrague.[238]
  • Following the establishment of relations with theSoviet Union on 3 April 1967, Malaysia also expanded its relations with then Czechoslovakia (1971) and other Eastern European countries.[239]
 Denmark7 September 1958

Denmark has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia is represented in Denmark, through its embassy inStockholm,Sweden.[240][241]

 Estonia11 February 1992 and 4 November 1993SeeForeign relations of Estonia
  • Estonia has an honorary consul in Kuala Lumpur.[242][243][244]
  • Malaysia embassy inHelsinki is accredited to Estonia.[245]
  • Malaysia has recognised the independence of Estonia on 11 September 1991 shortly after the dissolution ofEstonian Soviet Socialist Republic on 20 August 1991.[245] While the relations between the two countries has been established since 4 November 1993.[245]
 European Union

The relations started with the1980 European Commission–ASEAN Agreement and were developed since the formation ofEuropean Economic Community (EEC) in 1957.[246][247]

In 2011, Malaysia is the European Union second largest trading partner inSoutheast Asia afterSingapore and the 23rd largest trading partner for the European Union in the world,[247][248] while the European Union is Malaysia's 4th largest trading partner.[249]

 Finland17 November 1972
 France31 August 1957
  • France has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy inParis.
 Georgia7 May 1993SeeForeign relations of Georgia
  • Georgia is represented in Malaysia through its embassy in Beijing (China).
  • Malaysia is represented in Georgia through its embassy inKyiv (Ukraine).
 Germany23 September 1957

Germany has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Berlin.

 Greece16 November 1959
  • The Greek embassy inJakarta, Indonesia, is also accredited to Malaysia. In the opposite way, the Malaysian embassy in Berlin is at the same time accredited to Greece. There is an Honorary Greek Consulate in Kuala Lumpur and there is a Malaysian honorary consulate inAthens.
  • Greece exports specialised machinery, non-ferrous metals, tobacco, metal goods, medical products, minerals and fruit, and imports industrial equipment, oil, footwear, paper, rubber, vehicles and telecommunications equipment from Malaysia.
 Holy See27 July 2011
Hungary29 December 1969Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December 1969[253]
 Italy1957
  • Italy has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[254]
  • Malaysia has an embassy inRome.[255]
 Kosovo23 March 2011

Formal relations between the two countries first began in 2000, when Malaysia became the first Asian country to establish a liaison office in Kosovo.[256] Kosovo unilaterallydeclared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and Malaysiarecognised it on 30 October 2008.[257] Since that time, Malaysia has pledged assistance to Kosovo in several areas.

 Latvia12 June 1993

Latvia doesn't have any embassy in Malaysia.[258] while Malaysian embassy inHelsinki is accredited to Latvia.[259][260]

 Lithuania9 March 1994

Lithuania has an honorary consulate inKuala Lumpur,[261] while Malaysia embassy inStockholm were also accredited to Lithuania.

 Netherlands31 August 1957

Netherlands has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy inThe Hague. The Dutch established relations with theSultanate of Johor in the early 17th century, and in 1641 they captured the Portuguese colony ofMalacca (on the south-western coast of today's Peninsular Malaysia). With a long interruption during theNapoleonic Wars, theDutch Malacca era lasted until 1824.

In the 20th century, the Netherlands established diplomatic relations with Malaysia soon after the Asian state became independent. The erudite Dutch Sinologist and authorRobert van Gulik (who was raised in the former Dutch East Indies himself) served as the ambassador of the Netherlands in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s. During his diplomatic service there he became closely acquainted with Malaysia'sgibbons (he kept a few in his ambassadorial residence) and became sufficiently interested in this ape species to start the study ofits role in ancient Chinese culture, the results of which he later published in his last book (Gibbon in China).[262]

 Norway8 March 1968
  • Malaysia has a consulate inOslo, while Norway has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[263]
 Poland21 June 1971

Malaysia has an embassy inWarsaw,[264] and Poland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and a consulate inKuching.[265][266]

 Romania22 March 1969

Malaysia has an embassy inBucharest.[267] Romania has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[268]

 Russia3 April 1967[269] (asSoviet Union)

Russia has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[270] and Malaysia has anembassy in Moscow.[271]

 Serbia7 May 1967, severed diplomatic relations 12 August 1992, restored 23 January 2003SeeForeign relations of Serbia

Entry to Malaysia was refused to allSerbian passport holders until 2007, unless they were in possession of a letter of approval from Malaysian Ministry of Home Affairs.[272] During the time, citizens of Serbia and Montenegro were banned from participating inMalaysia My Second Home program.[273] However, in August 2008, senior officials of Serbia and Malaysia held their first diplomatic meeting since 1991. Afterwards, Foreign MinisterVuk Jeremić said that establishing an embassy in Malaysia was a possibility, bilateral agreements between the two nations would be signed, and Malaysia has removed all visa restrictions for Serbian citizens. This meant that now only the citizens of Israel were banned from participating inMalaysia My Second Home program.[274] Currently, Malaysia has an embassy inBelgrade while Serbian embassy in Jakarta was also accredited to Malaysia.[275][276]

 Spain12 May 1967

Malaysia has an embassy inMadrid,[277] and Spain has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[278] Spain established a diplomatic relations with Malaysia on 12 May 1967 with both the Malaysian and Spanish embassy were opened in 1985.[279]

 Sweden1958

Diplomatic relations were established in 1958.[280] Sweden has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy inStockholm. As of 2009, 90 Swedish companies are present in Malaysia and about 450 Swedish citizens live in Malaysia.[281]

  Switzerland10 September 1963

Switzerland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[282] andMalaysia has an embassy inBern.[283] The diplomatic relations has been established since 1963.[284]

 Ukraine3 March 1992
  • Malaysia has an embassy inKyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and honorary consulate inPenang
 United Kingdom31 August 1957
TheYang di-Pertuan Agong in a carriage with QueenElizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the state visit to London, 1974

Malaysia establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 31 August 1957.

The UK governed theMalaysia from 1826 to 1942 and 1945 to 1957, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth,CPTPP, theFive Power Defence Arrangements, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[286] and an Investment Agreement.[287]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Argentina7 June 1967[288]

Argentina has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[289] and Malaysia has an embassy inBuenos Aires.[290] Argentina established diplomatic relations with Malaysia on 7 June 1967.[288]

 Belize11 February 2000
 Brazil1959
 Canada1957[294]

Canada has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a High Commission inOttawa. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors.[295]

 Chile22 May 1979[296][297]

The Chile–Malaysia relations is mainly based ontrade. In 2009, the total trade between Chile and Malaysia is $336 million with the total Malaysian export to Chile were $16.8 million while the import with $148.7 million.[298]

Colombia19 August 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1987[299]

Both are themembers of United Nations,Movement of Non-Aligned Cooperation Forum Asia-Latin America (FEALAC) andPacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC).

  • Colombia has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia is accredited to Colombia from its embassy inLima,Peru.
 Cuba6 February 1975[300][301]

Malaysia has an embassy in Havana, while Cuba has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.

 Dominica19 January 2015
 Ecuador1989

Their relations covers on political, commercial,cultural andsocial activities.

 Grenada
 Guyana26 April 1976
 Jamaica28 November 1975
Further information:Jamaica–Malaysia relations

In 2006, Prime Minister,Portia Simpson Miller and Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato SeriAbdullah Ahmad Badawi, have expressed satisfaction with the progress of bilateral relations between the two countries and have reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening these relations through the exchange of visits and co-operation in the economic, technological, shipping, health and educational sectors, among other areas.[305][306]

 Mexico27 March 1974[307]

Malaysia has an embassy inMexico City,[308] and Mexico has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[309] Relations between the two countries was established on 27 March 1974.[307]

 Peru24 April 1986[310]

Malaysia is one of the main destination for Peruvian exports with the total trade in 2012 records $235 million.[311] Peruvian exports to Malaysia total around $28 million while Malaysian exports with $207 million.[311] In 1995, an agreement on mutual promotion and protection of investments has been signed between the two countries.[312]

United States31 August 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1957[313]

Economic ties are robust. The United States is Malaysia's largest trading partner and Malaysia is the tenth-largest trading partner of the US Annual two-way trade amounts to $49 billion. The United States and Malaysia launched negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) in June 2006. PresidentBarack Obama visited Malaysia between 26 and 28 April 2014, as part of his four-nation Asia tour. This visit was the first visit by a sitting US president in almost 50 years since PresidentLyndon Johnson in 1966.Other top US government officials have made visits to Malaysia in the past, such as thenSecretary of StateHillary Clinton in November 2010,Secretary of DefenseChuck Hagel in August 2013, andSecretary of StateJohn Kerry in October 2013.

Malaysia has its embassy in Washington, DC with consulates in New York City, NY and Los Angeles, CA and a permanent mission to the United Nations in New York. The United States has its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Venezuela18 December 1986Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1986[314]

Malaysia has an embassy inCaracas while Venezuela has an embassy inKuala Lumpur. Both countries are full members of theGroup of 77.

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Australia31 August 1957
 Fiji22 May 1972
New Zealand25 September 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1957[316]

New Zealand has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a High Commission inWellington. Both countries are full members of theCommonwealth of Nations.

 Solomon Islands10 May 1983

Malaysia has an honorary consul in Solomon Islands while Malaysia's High Commission inPort Moresby also accredited to the country,[317] and Solomon Islands has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.[318][319][320]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
 Algeria26 November 1964

Algeria has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[321] and Malaysia has an embassy inAlgiers.[322]

 Ethiopia1965

Ethiopia has a consulate-general in Kuala Lumpur,[323] while Malaysia has no embassy in Ethiopia.

Malaysia is one of the major trade partner and also one of the largest investors in Ethiopia.[324][325][326]

 Ghana5 December 1966

Ghana has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur,[327] and Malaysia has a High Commission inAccra.[328]

 Kenya1965

Kenya has maintained a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur since in 1996. Malaysia opened a High Commission inNairobi in 2005.[329]

 Libya9 November 1973

Libya has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[330] and Malaysia has an embassy inTripoli.[331] Relations are mainly in economic co-operation.

 Malawi4 November 1991

Malaysia together with Malawi are both significant tea producers, and co-operate in tri-national (with India) discussions of market conditions and promotion of the product globally.[332]

 Mauritius13 August 1986[333]

Mauritius has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, while Malaysia embassy inHarare,Zimbabwe also accredited to Mauritius. Both are members ofCommonwealth of Nations. Cooperation between the two countries include cultural exchanges, trade in goods,financial assistance andcapacity building in various sectors.

 Morocco1963

Malaysia has an embassy inRabat,[334] and Morocco has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[335]

 Namibia1990

Malaysia has a High Commission inWindhoek,[336] and Namibia has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.[337] Both countries were once part of theBritish Empire and before Namibia achieved its independence, Malaysia has contributed tosome operations in Namibia by sending a group of soldiers to help monitor the Namibia elections and peace process.[338] Today, the relations are much more focused in economic co-operation.

 Nigeria5 March 1965

The High Commissioner of Nigeria,Bello Shehu Ringim, speaking with theYang Dipertua Dewan Negara, Abu Zahar Ujang, expresses the concern of Nigerian students being fooled by Malaysian private-owned universities and social problems. The Nigerian government are serious about the problems by its citizens and the negative perception of its students. Malaysia is committed to Nigeria's concern and will give solutions to the problem.[339]

Senegal1 April 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1977[340]

Malaysia has an embassy inDakar,[341] and Senegal has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[342]

Seychelles1 May 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1987[343]

Seychelles has a High Commission inSubang Jaya.[344]

Sierra Leone28 January 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1991[103]
 South Africa8 November 1993

Relations are good between Malaysia and South Africa, who view each other as close partners. Malaysia is the fourth largest new investor in South Africa, and the countries have exchanged High Commissioners.[345]

 Sudan1973[346]

The stability of Sudan has enabled the country to take experiences from Malaysia in law legislation and investor-friendly policies, as claimed by Mahathir Mohammad, former prime minister of Malaysia who visits Khartoum in November 2012. At least seven Memorandum of Understandings have been made, related to Malaysian companies. The expected growth of bilateral trade between Malaysia and Sudan will have a big impact on the import of Sudanese beef.[347]

In October 2021, Sudanese–Malaysia relations were adversely affected by theSudanese transitional government's seizure of Malaysian state owned enterprisePetronas' assets and arrest of the company's country manager. In response, the Malaysian Government urged Sudan to honour the Bilateral Investment and Protection Treaty while Petronas submitted an arbitration request at theWorld Bank'sInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).[348][349][350][351]

 Tanzania

Malaysia has a High Commission inDar es Salaam, and Tanzania has aHigh Commission in Kuala Lumpur.[352]

 The Gambia

Malaysian embassy inDakar is accredited to The Gambia, while the Gambian embassy inAbu Dhabi is accredited to Malaysia. The relations are friendly warm.[353]

 Tunisia29 November 1964

Several agreements were signed since 1969 covering a lot of sectors, including the agreement on suppression of visa and the agreement on economic and technical co-operation which signed in 1994. Several other drafts also are currently under negotiations.[354]

 Uganda1962

Malaysia does not yet have a High Commission inKampala,[355] while Uganda has a consulate in Kuala Lumpur and Uganda's High Commission in India were also accredited to Malaysia.[356][357]

Malaysia and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

TheFederation of Malaya became an independent nativeelective monarchy within theCommonwealth on 31 August 1957 with theYang di-Pertuan Agong as head of state.

Malaya united withNorth Borneo (nowSabah),Sarawak, andSingapore to formMalaysia on 16 September 1963.

Singapore was expelled from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, and became an independentrepublic in the Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

[edit]

External links

[edit]

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