InIslamic terminology, something which ismakruh ormakrooh (Arabic:مكروه,transliterated:makrooh ormakrūh) is "discouraged".[1] This is one of thefive categories (al-ahkam al-khamsa) in Islamic law –wajib/fard (obligatory),Mustahabb/mandub (recommended),mubah (neutral),makruh (disapproved),haram (forbidden).[2]
Though amakruh act is notharam (forbidden) or subject to punishment, a person who abstains from this act will be rewarded.[1]Muslims are encouraged to avoid such actions when or as possible. It is one of the degrees of approval (ahkam) inIslamic law. In the terminology ofIslamic jurisprudence, "Makruh" refers to an action that is not forbidden to do, but had better to be abandoned.[3]
Acts consideredmakruh can vary between differentmadhhabs due to differing scholarly interpretations of theQuran andHadith, withHanafi scholars in particular differing from the othermadhhabs in regard to classification ofmakruh.[4]
Actions that are reprehensible and violate rules ofFiqh are considered to bemakruh.[5]
Makruh is considered to be of two types:
TheHanafi school uses themakruh tahrimi classification on the basis that there is doubt (but not extremely significant) in the chain of narration and/or authenticity of aHadith that provides evidence that a particular act is considered haram. All othermadhhabs would consider classifying an act as haram in this case.[4]
Some of the examples of something consideredmakruh are the use of a great amount of water when performingritual purifications known as thewudu (partial ablution, orabdest) andghusl (full ablution) or the consumption ofgarlic before attending the mosque or socializing with others.[1][6]
An example of a food which is consideredmakruh for Muslims of theHanafi school isprawns (but only for the Hanafi school).[7] Hanafis believe in refraining from consuming prawns and therefore choose to eat something else if possible.[8] There are, however, shared attitudes within the Hanafi school of whether shrimp are considered water game and are therebyhalal.[9]
An example in regards to clothing that is consideredmakruh is wearing garments below the ankle. However, debate among scholars, particularly of theMaliki school, has led to some considering it haram while others maintain it ismakruh.[10]
While the wearing of silk garments and gold jewelry by men is considered haram in all other schools, the Hanafi school considers itmakruh tahrimi due to doubt in the chain of narration and authenticity of the Hadith in which this evidence is sourced.[4]
Another example ofmakruh tahrimi is making an offer to buy something that has an offer already placed by another person. Similarly to the rule on men and silk garments, the Hanafi school considers itmakruh tahrimi since the Hadith in which the evidence is found has some doubt to the chain of narration.[4]
Other examples ofmakruh acts in Islam include talking while taking ablutions for prayer and slaughtering an animal for food where other animals of its kind can see it.[5]
چاپ اول، ۱۴۰۶ق.
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