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TheLarge Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras (Skt.Mahāprajñāpāramitā,Chinese:摩訶般若波羅蜜多經;pinyin:Móhē Bōrě Bōluómìduō Jīng;lit. 'Large Perfection of Wisdom Sutra') is a group or family ofMahayana sutras of thePrajñāpāramitā (PP) genre.[1][2][3] Modern scholars consider these to be later expansions based on the earlierAṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, which is seen as a prototype of the Larger sutras.[4][5][6][2][3][7]
The various versions and translations of the "Large" Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras contain much shared content, as well as various differences, including being significantly different in terms of length (which is measured inślokas, often translated as "lines").[5][8]
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In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Prajñāpāramitā sutras are divided into long, medium, and short texts.[5][10]Edward Conze, one of the first Western scholars to extensively study this literature, saw the three largest Prajñāpāramitā sutras as being different versions of one sutra, which he just called the "Large Prajñāpāramitā".[11] Similarly,Lewis Lancaster writes that these three sutras "contain basically the same text, their length being determined by the amount of repetition."[7]
However, other scholars like Stefano Zachetti disagree that they are one text. According to Zachetti, this is a "textual family," which he terms the "Larger Prajñāpāramitā" and is:
a group of texts that share a number of common features in structure, content, wording, etc. They exhibit afamily resemblance, so to speak, fluid and not always easy to define, but significant enough to set them apart from other texts (especially theAṣṭasāhasrikā PP) as a distinct group. Yet the members of this Larger PP group are differentiated by complex patterns of variation at a variety of levels significant enough to prevent us from classifying them just as one single text.[4]
According to Zacchetti, there are a "considerable number of [Sanskrit] manuscripts" belonging to the "textual family" he calls the "Larger PP texts".[1] Zachetti writes that these manuscripts "greatly differ in age, origin, and size - from sometime around the 6th century to the 19th century AD, and from tiny fragments to complete or nearly complete manuscripts."[1]
According to Shogo Watanabe "as the number of Prajñāpāramitā texts multiplied in India, it became necessary to give them separate designations for the sake of identification. This was accomplished at a later date by naming them according to the number of lines that they contained."[12] However, Watanabe notes that this naming convention was not often used in China and Chinese translations are instead often named according to the first chapter of the sutra.[12] The number of "lines" listed in these titles are also not exact and they often vary in different manuscripts and editions (sometimes by hundreds of verses). The three main Large Prajñāpāramitā sutra versions are the Prajñāpāramitā in 18,000, 25,000 and 100,000 lines.[4][7][11][13] According to Lenagala Siriniwasa Thero, there is also a Nepalese manuscript of a"Mūlabruhatprajñāpāramitā Sutra" that contains over 125,000 lines.[14]
According to Joseph Walser, the three Large Prajñāpāramitā sutras show some doctrinal connection with theDharmaguptaka school.[15] Walser notes that the 25,000 and the 100,000 line sutras reproduce a list of six kinds of emptinesses found in the DharmaguptakaŚāriputrābhidharma-śāstra.[15]
Zacchetti notes that this division into three main versions (of 18, 25, and 100 thousandślokas or akṣaras) does not appear in Buddhist sources until the time ofBodhiruci (6th century). Before this time, the term "Larger Prajñāpāramitā" was used rather loosely to refer to PP sutras larger than 17,000 lines. It is likely that this way of classifying the Longer PP sutras only became widespread later (after the 6th century), when it became the main schema for classifying three different long versions in the translations ofXuánzàng (7th century) as well as in theTibetan canon.[16]
Chinese sources also use the term "Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra" to refer to anentire collection of 16 Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras which was translated by Xuánzàng.[17]
TheAṣṭadaśasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (18,000 linePerfection of Wisdom Sutra, Tibetan:’phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa khri brgyad stong pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo, Chinese: 會第, pinyin:Sānhuì dì sānhuì xù) is preserved in Sanskrit, and Tibetan, Chinese and Mongolian translations. The earliest Sanskrit manuscript of any the Larger Sutra texts is theGilgit Manuscript of theAṣṭadaśasāhasrikā, dating to the 5th or 6th century CE.[5][2] Zacchetti estimates that the Gilgit manuscript contains between 18,000 and 20,000 slokas.[18]
ThePañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (25,000 line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, T:shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa stoq phrag nyi shu lnga pa, dum bu dang po, C: 摩訶般若波羅蜜經, pinyin:móhē bōyě bōluómì jīng) is found in several Sanskrit manuscripts fromNepal andKashmir. There are two Tibetan translations (in the Tōhoku catalog, they are Tōh. 9 and Tōh. 3790).[19]
This sutra also survives in four Chinese translations by four different translators: Moksala (c. 291 CE), Dharmaraksha (c. 286 CE), Kumārajīva (C. 403 CE), and Xuanzang (c. 660 - 663 CE).[20][21][22][23]
Some Sanskrit manuscripts divide the sutra according to the eight sections of theAbhisamayālaṃkāra, Watanabe calls these "revised" editions (as opposed to an "unrevised" versions). The revised editions also includes numerous other additions and changes.[24][12] According to Shogo Watanabe's comparative study of the various Large PP sutra sources, thePañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā and theAṣṭadaśasāhasrikā "are variant texts deriving from the same source." He posits anurtext from which both sutras developed.[12]
Watanabe also notes that the Chinese translations by Xuanzang contain the most expansions and additions and this shows how the text grew over time.[12]
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TheŚatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, (100,000 linePerfection of Wisdom Sutra, T:shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa strong phrag brgya pa, C: 初會, pinyin:chū hùi) exists in several Nepalese Sanskrit manuscripts.[25][26] There is also a Tibetan translation byYeshé Dé (730–805) and a Chinese translation byXuanzang in 400 scrolls entitled “The Initial Assembly” (初 會, chū huì).[27][28]
Zachetti writes that when one analyses the different texts in the Larger PP family, "we find that, intricate as their patterns of correspondence may be...they generally do not fall into groups along the lines of the version-classification."[29] This means that, for example, thePañcaviṃśati in the Tibetan Kanjur is not actually closer to other texts which are also calledPañcaviṃśati (like Xuanzan'sPañcaviṃśati or the Nepalese recension), but it is actually more similar to the SanskritŚatasāhasrikā.[29] Thus, Zachetti argues that there are different lines of transmission of a "Larger PP Ur-text" and that "each of these lines of transmission (or groups of texts), which I call recensions, may include (or might have included) different versions."[29]
Zachetti's hypothetical schema of some of these different lines of transmission (which focuses on thePañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā) outlines the following "main groupings of Larger PP texts":[30]
Zachetti adds that "at the level of versions, we see that a certain basic text, reflecting a certain recension, may easily be expanded or condensed by manipulating the lists found in this scripture." Thus, the various versions (18,000, 25,000 and 100,000) "are to be seen as particular textual generative principles, rather than as rigidly established "texts" in traditional terms."[31]
Thus, the size of the text is not particularly indicative of the content or of the age of the text itself, since any recension can be enlarged by expanding the various lists found in the sutras. This also means that different versions (based on size) can be created within different recensions.[32]
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The Large Perfection of Wisdom texts have been influential works inMahayana Buddhism. This is indicated the number of commentaries written on these sutras.
InEast Asian Buddhism, theDà zhìdù lùn (大智度論, *Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa, T no. 1509), which is a large and encyclopedic commentary to thePañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā translated into Chinese byKumārajīva (344–413 CE), remains an important source for numerous Prajñaparamita topics.[33] This is the earliest known commentary to any of the Large PP sutras.[34]
Another Chinese commentary to the 25,000 line sutra was written byJízáng (549–623), an important figure of the Chinese Madhyamaka school.[35]
InTibetan Buddhism, thePrajñāpāramitā tradition focuses around theAbhisamayālaṅkāra (Ornament of clear realization, date unknown) and its numerous commentaries. According to John J. Makransky, theOrnament was probably written based on the 25,000 line Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra.[11] The commentary on theOrnament by Ārya Vimuktisena (c. 6th century), is also a commentary on the25,000 line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra.[36]
Furthermore, aKashmiri scholar named Daṃṣṭrasena (Diṣṭasena, c. late eighth or early ninth century) wrote two commentaries that survive in Tibetan translation:
There are also two more Indian commentaries on the 25,000 line sutra which survive in Tibetan, one by Bhadanta Vimuktisena (a student of Ārya Vimuktasena) and one by Dharmakīrtishrī (Tōh. 3794).[40][41]
One Indian commentary by Smṛtijñānakīrti (Tōh. 3789) (c. 12th century) is a commentary on all three Large sutras and theAbhisamayālaṅkāra. It is titled:The meaning of the three works, the 100,000, the 25,000 and the 8,000 verses, as presented consistently in the 'Jewel of Cognition'" (Tibetan:Bum dang nyi-khri lnga stong-pa dang khri-brgyad stong-pa gsum don mthun-par-mngon-rtogs brgyad-du bstan-pa bzhugs-so).[42]
The TibetanNyingma author Lochen Dharmaśrī (1654–1717) composed a commentary on the 100,000 line sutra entitledA Complete Commentary on Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra in 100,000 Verses (Stoq-phrag-brgya-pavi rnam-par bshad-pa zhes-bya-ba).[43]
Another Tibetan commentary was written by theGelug figure Longdol Lama Ngawang Lobzang (1719–1794), it is titled:A Brief Explanation of the 108 Topics Treated in Shatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā ('bum-gyi' grel-rkang brgya-rtsa-brgyad ngos-'dzin).[44]
The first English translation from the Large sutras was byEdward Conze. Conze's 1973The Large Sutra of Perfect Wisdom is a composite translation which mostly contains material from the 25,000 line sutra and the 18,000 line sutra (as well as passages from the 8,000 and 100,000 line versions) arranged based on the divisions found in theAbhisamayālaṅkāra. As such, this version is a scholarly construct by Conze.[5][45]
A recent translation of the full 18,000 line version from theTibetan canon has been published byGareth Sparham.[5]
An ongoing translation ofXuanzang'sŚatasāhasrikā (100,000 linePerfection of Wisdom Sutra) is currently being undertaken by Naichen Chen, who has published 12 volumes so far as of October 2025.[46]
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