| Mahamaham | |
|---|---|
 Mahamaham tank | |
| Genre | Religious festival |
| Frequency | 12 years |
| Locations | Kumbakonam,Tamil Nadu |
| Coordinates | 10°57′21″N79°22′54″E / 10.9558°N 79.3817°E /10.9558; 79.3817 |
| Country | India |
| Most recent | 2016 |
| Next event | 2028 |
| Attendance | >1 million (in 2016) |
Mahamaham is aHindureligious festival celebrated every twelve years atKumbakonam inTamil Nadu. It is observed in theHindu calendar month ofMagha, and is considered a symbolic equivalent of theKumbh Mela.[1] While the annual observance is known asMasimaham after theTamil calendar month ofMasi, the Mahamaham is observed once in twelve years.[2] The festival attracts large crowds, which had been documented by writers since the 19th century.[3][4] Thelast Mahamaham was celebrated on 22 February 2016.
The festival involves a gathering of pilgrims at theMahamaham tank. As perHindu mythology, the waters in the tank is constituted holy confluence of nine Indian river goddesses–Ganga,Yamuna,Sarasvati,Narmada,Godavari,Krishna,Tungabhadra,Kaveri, andSarayu. As per theTamil text ofPeriya Puranam, the river goddesses gather on the day at the tank to pray to godShiva and rejuvenate their waters.[1] People take a ritual dip in the waters, believed to be of atonement for the past mistakes, and cleansing of their sins. Various fairs, art performances, religious discourses, and chariot processions are also conducted during the festivities.
The Mahamaham tank is surrounded by small temple mandapas with Vedic and Puranic deities, each with a Shiva linga in the sanctum. It also features the big Kashi Vishwanathar temple to its north. At the entrance temple gate, there is the image of Shiva with nine Indian river goddesses: Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra, Kaveri, and Sarayu.[1] Portions of the Periya Purana are inscribed inside the mandapas and the temple. The complete legend is found on the inner walls of the Kumbheshvara temple near the water pool. According to this legend, after the end of each cyclic existence, there is a Mahapralaya (great flood) when Shiva helped save all creation by floating all seeds of creation and amritam (nectar of immortality) in a pot (kumbha). The flood subsided and the pot came to rest on ground, which was broken by an arrow by Shiva in a hunter form. This spilled the contents into a large pool that became the Mahamaham tank.[1]
Brahma was instructed by Shiva to preserve all seeds of creation and life forms in a giantkumbha (pot) during a great flood. It floats to Meru, survives the floods, and when the floods end the pot comes to rest near the banks of Kaveri river in a place now called Kumbhakonam. Shiva, in the form of Kiratamoorty (hunter) breaks it and the water inside the pot becomes the Mahamaham tank. The coconut on top of the pot breaks and becomes the lingas.[1] The pot parts were memorialized by the many mandapa and temples near the tank and the Kumbhakunam region: Kumbeswara, Someswara, Kasi Viswanatha, Nageswara, Kamata Viswanatha, Abimukeshwara, Goutameswara, Banapuriswara, Varahar, Lakshminaryana, Sarangapani, Chakrapani and Varadharaja.
Astronomically, Maha maham or magha festival is celebrated in the month when full moon occurs as moon is passing Magha nakshatra (Leo sign) and Sun is on the other end in the opposite Aquarius sign (Kumnha Rasi). Mahamagham occurs once in twelve years when the planet Jupiter's residence in Leo coincides with full-moon in Leo. On the day of the festival in the month of Magha, it is believed to bring all water bodies together and water is rejuvenated.[5]
The antiquity of the event is deduced from the architectural and epigraphy. The visit ofKrishnadevaraya (1509–1529) is recorded in an inscription in the gopuram of Nagalpuram, a village in Chengalpattu district. That Krishnadevaraya visited the event is also recorded in the inscription found in the Shiva temple in Kuthalam.[5] The ceiling of the Gangatirtha mandapam carries the sculptural representation of Tulapurushardava. It is believed that the 16th-century Nayak era prime ministerGovinda Dikshitar attended the event and donated gold which help build the sixteen mandapas.
The tank is significant particularly to the South Indian Hindus. The festival is a symbolic equivalent to theKumbh Mela pilgrimage at Prayaga in Uttar Pradesh.[1]
The Masimaham is an annual event that occurs in Kumbakonam in theTamil month ofMasi (February–March) in the star ofMagam.[6] Vast crowds of Hindu devotees gather at Kumbakonam to have a dip in the tank. All the rivers of India are believed to meet at the tank on this day and a purificatory bath at this tank on this day is considered equal to the combined dips in all the holy rivers ofIndia.[6] Festival deities from all the temples in Kumbakonam arrive at the tank and at noon, all the deities bathe along with the devotees - it is called "Theerthavari".[7] The purificatory bath is believed to remove sins and after the dip, pilgrims offer charitable gifts in the hope of being rewarded in the current life and subsequent lives.[7] The temple cars of major temples in Kumbakonam come around the city on the festival night. During the Mahamaham of 1992, the number of devotees were estimated to be one million.[7]
During the time of Mahamaham festival, it is believed that the famous Indian river goddessesGanges,Yamuna,Sarasvati River,Sarayu,Godavari River,Tungabhadra River (alternatelyMahanadi River[8]),Narmada River,Krishna River, andKaveri River. These arrive here to rejuvenate and get repurified through Ganga and with Shiva's blessing. This cyclic event makes this a sacred site and the waters holy to cleanse one of any sins they may have committed or absorbed from others. which are mixed together in Mahamaham tank, would get rid of sins.[1] The images of the deities indicating the legend, is housed in the nearby Kasi Viswanatha Temple.[5]
In the northern bank mandapa, there is an inscription ofTulapurshadana, a practise of weighing oneself against gold. The ceremony is observed during various times like equinoxes, commencement of an era (Yuga) and its ending, eclipses andMakara Sankranti. The ceremony is usually performed in sacred places like temples, rivers and tanks. The amount of gold thus weighed is distributed among deserving men.[citation needed]
The tank is located in the heart ofKumbakonam city which is near the Kaveri river. The tank and temple premises spread over 20 acres, while the water pool with ghat-like steps covers an area of over 6 acres. It is square in its original design, but infrastructure upgrades and extensions have made it somewhat trapezoidal in shape. The tank is surrounded by 16 small mandapams (shrines)[9] and has 21 wells inside the tank. The names of the wells carry the name ofLord Shiva or that ofRivers of India.[7]Govinda Dikshitar, the chieftain ofRagunatha Nayak ofThanjavur, constructed the sixteenmandapams and stone steps around this tank.[10]
The Mahamaham tank has four streets along its four banks. It is constructed with steps on the sides for people to easily access the tank and take dips. There are16 mandapas (Gopuram Towers) around the corners and sides of the tank. These towers are considered to be forms ofShiva.
1. Brammatheertheshwarar; 2. Mukundeshwarar; 3. Dhaneshwarar; 4. Virushabeshwarar; 5. Baaneshwarar; 6. Koneshwarar; 7. Bhakthikeshwarar; 8. Bhairaveshwarar; 9. Agasthyeshwarar; 10. Vyaneshwarar; 11. Umaibakeshwarar; 12. Nairutheeshwarar; 13. Brammeshwarar; 14. Gangatheshwarar; 15. Mukthatheertheshwarar; 16. Shethrabaleshwarar
1. Vayu Theertham; 2. Ganga Theertham; 3. Bramma Theertham; 4. Yamuna Theertham; 5. Kubera Theertham; 6. Godavari Theertham; 7. Eshana Theertham; 8. Narmada Theertham; 9. Saraswathi Theertham; 10. Indira Theertham; 11. Agni Theertham; 12. Cauvery Theertham; 13. Yama Theertham; 14. Kumari Theertham; 15. Niruthi Theertham; 16. Bayoshni Theertham; 17. Deva Theertham; 18. Varunai Theertham; 19. Sarayu Theertham; 20. Kanya Theertham
On the Mahamaham day people start with praying these Siva temples, followed by a dip in the holy tank. The devout follow a more exhaustive procedure with dips in the 20 wells, visit to Kumbeswarar Temple, dip in the holy tank and finally inKaveri river to complete the process. Other celebrations including public chariot parades and fares, featuring the sanctum idols of the main temples of Kumbakonam being brought out for public viewing, carried in wooden chariots through the different streets of the town.
Twelve Shiva temples are connected with Mahamaham festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam. They areKasi Viswanathar Temple,Kumbeswarar Temple,Someswarar Temple,Nageswara Temple,Ekambareswarar Temple,Gowthameswarar Temple,Abimukeswarar Temple,Kambatta Visvanathar Temple,Banapuriswarar Temple,Kalahasteeswarar Temple,Koteeswarar Temple, andAmirthakalasanathar Temple. Of these twelve, first ten temples are located in Kumbakonam town itself.[11] Of them 11 temples are in Kumbakonam.
Five Vishnu temples are connected with this festival. They areSarangapani Temple,Chakrapani Temple,Ramaswamy Temple,Rajagopalaswamy Temple, andVarahaperumal Temple.[11] All these temples are in Kumbakonam.
On 25 February 1955, the festival attracted about a million Hindu bathers in a single day, where the festival is observed according to the Tamil Hindu calendar approximately once every 12 years
