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Magnitizdat (Russian:магнитиздат[nb 1],lit. 'tape-recorded publishing')[1] was the process of copying and distributingaudio tape recordings that were not commercially available in theSoviet Union. It is analogous tosamizdat, the method of disseminating written works that could not be officially published underSoviet political censorship.[2] It is technically similar tobootleg recordings, except it has a political dimension not usually present in the latter term.
The termmagnitizdat comes from the Russian wordsmagnitofon (Russian:магнитофон[nb 2],lit. 'magnetic tape recorder') andizdatel’stvo (Russian:издательство[nb 3],lit. 'publishing').[2][3]
Magnetic tape recorders were rare in the Soviet Union before the 1960s.[2] During the 1960s, the Soviet Union mass-producedreel-to-reel tape recorders for the consumer market.[2][4] In addition, Western and Japanese tape recorders were sold through secondhand shops and the black market.[5]
According toAlexei Yurchak, in contrast tosamizdat, “magnitizdat managed to elude state control by virtue of its technological availability and privacy.”[5] While the state controlled the ownership of printing presses, Soviet citizens were allowed to own reel-to-reel tape recorders.[6][7] Making more than six typewritten copies of a document to distribute was forbidden, but there was no legal limit on copying tapes.[8] In addition, only the performer on the recording was considered responsible for the content.[9]
Live recordings ofbard songs performed at informal gatherings were the first works to be distributed asmagnitizdat.[2][5]Bulat Okudzhava,Alexander Galich,Vladimir Vysotsky, andYuli Kim were among the bards whose music was distributed asmagnitizdat.[10] Their lyrics dealt with political themes and contained criticisms of Stalin, labor camps, and contemporary Soviet life.[6]
The recordings were copied and recopied in private and distributed through networks of friends and acquaintances throughout the Soviet Union.[2][5] Recordings of bard songs were also brought to the West by tourists and emigres and then broadcast onRadio Liberty.[11]
In rock music circles,magnitizdat was initially used for recording short-wave radio broadcasts and copying vinyl records of Western rock music.[12][13] Reel-to-reel reproductions of Western rock were sold on black market.[12] Recordings of Western artists such asThe Beatles,Led Zeppelin,Deep Purple, andDonna Summer were distributed throughout the Soviet Union asmagnitizdat.[5]
By the late 1970s,magnitizdat was used to distribute Soviet rock music as well.[12] Soviet rock groups began recording albums, also known asmagnitoal'bomy, as opposed to live concert recordings.[14]
Andrei Tropillo was the first to set up a studio to record Russian rock bands on a regular basis.[15] TheAnTrop logo appeared on recordings from Tropillo's studio.[16] Tropillo’s distribution method usually consisted of handing ten master copies on reel-to-reel tapes to recording cooperatives, which then re-copied and distributed the tapes to other cooperatives and cities.[17]
In 1986,Red Wave, a compilation album featuring tracks from several bands associated with theLeningrad Rock Club, was released in the U.S. by Big Time Records.[18] The album contained tracks frommagnitoal’bomy originally recorded in Tropillo’s studio and brought out of the Soviet Union byJoanna Stingray.[19]
The first punk recording in the Soviet Union has been attributed to the bandAvtomaticheskie Udovletvoriteli. One of their performances in Moscow was recorded with a single microphone and released asmagnitizdat in 1981.[20]
The Siberian punk groupGrazhdanskaya Oborona recorded songs on minimal equipment inEgor Letov's home studio.[21] Letov would then send his albums to acquaintances across the country, who made further copies of the tapes.[22] Other Siberian punk bands followed Letov's example by limiting their live performances to apartment concerts and making recordings with reel-to-reel tape recorders and microphones.[23]