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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name Magnesium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider |
|
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.121.319 |
| EC Number |
|
| E number | E345(antioxidants, ...) |
| UNII | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| C6H6MgO7 | |
| Molar mass | 214.412 g·mol−1 |
| 20 g/100ml | |
| Pharmacology | |
| A06AD19 (WHO) A12CC04 (WHO),B05CB03 (WHO) | |
| Related compounds | |
Related salts | Magnesium citrate (3:2) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Magnesium citrates are metal-organic compounds formed fromcitrate and magnesium ions. They are salts. One form is the 1:1magnesium preparation insalt form withcitric acid in a 1:1 ratio (1magnesiumatom percitratemolecule). It contains 11.33% magnesium by weight. Magnesium citrate (sensu lato) is used medicinally as a salinelaxative and to empty the bowel before major surgery or acolonoscopy. It is available without a prescription, both as a generic and under various brand names. It is also used in the pill form as a magnesiumdietary supplement. As afood additive, magnesium citrate is used to regulate acidity and is known asE number E345.
The structures of solid magnesium citrates have been characterized byX-ray crystallography. In the 1:1 salt, only one carboxylate of citrate is deprotonated. It has the formulaMg(H2C6H5O7)2 The other form of magnesium citrate has the formulaMg(HC6H5O7)(H2O)2, consisting of the citrate dianion (both carboxylic acids are deprotonated).[1] Thus, it is clear that name "magnesium citrate" is ambiguous and sometimes may refer to other salts such astrimagnesium dicitrate which has a magnesium:citrate ratio of 3:2, or monomagnesium dicitrate with a ratio of 1:2, or a mix of two or three of the salts of magnesium and citric acid.
Magnesium citrate works by attracting water through the tissues by a process known asosmosis. Once in the intestine, it can attract enough water into the intestine to induce defecation.[2][3] The additional water stimulates bowel motility. This means it can also be used to treat rectal and colon problems. Magnesium citrate functions best on an empty stomach, and should always be followed with a full (eight-ounce or 250 ml) glass of water or juice to help counteract water loss and aid in absorption. Magnesium citrate solutions generally produce bowel movement in one-half to three hours.[4]
The maximum upper tolerance limit (UTL) for magnesium in supplement form for adults is 350 mg of elemental magnesium per day, according to theNational Institutes of Health (NIH).[5] In addition, according to the NIH, total dietary requirements for magnesium from all sources (in other words, food and supplements) is 320–420 mg of elemental magnesium per day, though there is no UT for dietary magnesium.
Magnesium citrate is used as a laxative agent.[6][7] It is not recommended for use in children and infants two years of age or less.[8]
Although less common, as a magnesium supplement the citrate form is sometimes used because it is believed to be more bioavailable than other common pill forms, such asmagnesium oxide.[9][citation needed] But, according to one study,magnesium gluconate was found to be marginally more bioavailable than even magnesium citrate.[10]
Potassium-magnesium citrate, as a supplement in pill form, is useful for the prevention ofkidney stones.[11]
Magnesium citrate is generally not a harmful substance, but care should be taken by consulting a healthcare professional if any adverse health problems are suspected or experienced. Extreme magnesium overdose can result in serious complications such asslow heartbeat,low blood pressure, nausea, drowsiness, etc. If severe enough, an overdose can even result incoma or death.[12] However, a moderate overdose will be excreted through the kidneys, unless one has serious kidney problems. Rectal bleeding or failure to have a bowel movement after use could be signs of a serious condition.
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