 | This article includes alist of references,related reading, orexternal links,but its sources remain unclear because it lacksinline citations. Please helpimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Macro-Arawakan | |
|---|---|
| Arawakan | |
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | Widest geographical area of any language group inLatin America, seeGeographic distribution. |
| Linguistic classification | Proposedlanguage family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
 Arawakan languages (blue dots), Guajiboan languages (violet dots), and Arauan languages (green dots). Paler areas represent probable extension at the time of contact. | |
Macro-Arawakan is a proposedlanguage family ofSouth America and theCaribbean centered on theArawakan languages.[1] Sometimes, the proposal is calledArawakan, and the central family is calledMaipurean.
Kaufman (1990) includes the following:
Payne (1991) and Derbyshire (1992) have:
Jolkesky (2016) argues for the following:
According to Jolkesky (op. cit., 611-616), the proto-Macro-Arawakan language would have been spoken in the MiddleUcayali River Basin during the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, and its speakers would have produced Tutishcainyo pottery in the region.
Martins (2005: 342–370) groups theArawakan andNadahup languages together as part of a proposedMakúan-Arawakan (Nadahup-Arawakan) family,[2] but this proposal has been rejected by Aikhenvald (2006: 237).[3]
Carvalho (2021) notes that the Arawakan and Arawan families have had significant long-term mutual interaction, but does not consider the two language families to be related. According to Carvalho (2021), theJuruá-Purus linguistic corridor had facilitated the migration of Arawakan speakers to the southern fringes of the Amazon basin.[4]
Pronominal system of the Macro-Arawakan languages:[5]
| language | I | you (sg) | he/she/it | we | you (pl) | they |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Arawakan | *nu/*ni- | *pɨ- | *tʰu | *wi/*wa- | *hi- | *ra- |
| Munichi | -nɨ/-ɲɨ | -pɨ | - | -wɨ | -di | -ra ‘3’ |
| Puquina | no, -ni-; | po, -p-, -pi | ʧu, -su- | - | - | - |
| Candoshi | no | - | su- | ija, iː | si | - |
| Yanesha' | na, no, ne | pʲa, pʲo, pe | - | ja, jo, je | sa, so, se | - |
| Aguachile | ni | pi | - | waʔaha | - | - |
Several words in the basic lexicon of the Macro-Arawakan languages were pointed out as possible cognates:[6]
| language | father | eye | neck | hair | bone | firewood | dung | sleep | die | house | tooth | stone | water | sky |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Arawakan | *apa | *uke | *ʧano | *si | *napɨ | *tsɨma | *itika | *maka | *kama | *pana, *ponku | *ahtse | *kʰiba | *uni | *enu |
| Munichi | – | ukɨ (head) | – | uɕi | – | ʧu(-sɨ) ('fire') | kʲa | – | kma | hna | di | – | idɨ | – |
| Puquina | – | juqe | – | – | – | – | – | miha | – | – | – | – | unu | haniɡo ('high') |
| Candoshi | apaː | – | ʂano | ʃi | nap | somaː-si ('fire') | ʧikaː | makija | – | paNkoː | nas | – | – | kaniːNta |
| Yanesha' | apa | – | ʧnoːpʲ | ʃe | napo | ʦoːm | tʲoʔj | -maʔ | ʐomu | pokoːlʲ | ahs | – | onʲ | enet |
| Aguachile | – | – | asanu | – | – | – | – | – | – | pani(ʃi) | asi | ipa | – | enui |