Maastricht developed from aRoman settlement (Trajectum ad Mosam) to a medieval river trade and religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre.[11] Today, the city is a thriving cultural[citation needed] and regional hub. It became well known through theMaastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of theeuro.[12] Maastricht has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), the second highest number in the Netherlands, afterAmsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population. The last stage of theCretaceous period and theMesozoic era, theMaastrichtian, is named after this city, at the end of which was theCretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which resulted in the extinction of thenon-avian dinosaurs.
Maastricht is mentioned in ancient documents as[Ad] Treiectinsem [urbem] ab. 575,Treiectensis in 634,Triecto,Triectu in 7th century,Triiect in 768–781,Traiecto in 945,Masetrieth in 1051.[13][14]
The place nameMaastricht is anOld Dutch compoundMasa- (>Maas "theMeuse river") + Old Dutch*treiekt, itself borrowed from Gallo-Romance*TRA(I)ECTU cf. its Walloon nameli trek, from Classical Latintrajectus ("ford, passage, place to cross a river") with the later addition ofMaas "Meuse" to avoid the confusion with the-trecht ofUtrecht having exactly the same original form and etymology. The Latin name first appears in medieval documents and it is not known whether*Trajectu(s) was Maastricht's name during Roman times.
A resident of Maastricht is referred to asMaastrichtenaar while in the local dialect it is eitherMestreechteneer or, colloquially,Sjeng (derived from the formerly popular French nameJean).
Neanderthal remains have been found to the west of Maastricht (Belvédère excavations). Of a later date arePalaeolithic remains, between 8,000 and 25,000 years old.Celts lived here around 500 BC, at a spot where the riverMeuse was shallow and therefore easy to cross.
It is not known when the Romans arrived in Maastricht, nor whether the settlement was founded by them. The Romans built a bridge across the Meuse in the 1st century AD, during the reign ofAugustus Caesar. The bridge was an important link in the main road betweenBavay andCologne. Roman Maastricht was relatively small. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, aRoman bath, agranary, some houses and the 4th-centurycastrum walls and gates, have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewelry, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (Centre Céramique).
According to legend, theArmenian-bornSaint Servatius,Bishop of Tongeren, died in Maastricht in 384 where he was interred along the Roman road, outside the castrum. According toGregory of Tours it was bishopMonulph who around 570 built the first stone church on the grave of Servatius, a precursor of the present-dayBasilica of Saint Servatius. The city remained an earlyChristiandiocese until it lost the distinction to nearbyLiège in the 8th or 9th century.
In the earlyMiddle Ages Maastricht, along withAachen andLiège, formed part of what is considered the heartland of theCarolingian dynasty. At this time, the town was an important centre for river trade and manufacturing.Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been found throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by theVikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of theduchy of Lower Lorraine.
Unlike most Dutch towns, Maastricht did not receivecity rights at a certain date. These gradually developed during its long history. In 1204 the city'sdual authority was formalised in a treaty, with theprince-bishop of Liège and theduke of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, allegedly killing 400 people. A replacement bridge, funded by churchindulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, theSint Servaasbrug.[15]
Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally ofwool andleather but gradually economic decline set in. After a brief period of economic prosperity around 1500, the city's economy suffered during thewars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries, and recovery did not happen until theIndustrial Revolution in the early 19th century.
The strategic location of Maastricht at a major river crossing necessitated the construction of an array of fortifications around the city during this period. The Spanish and Dutchgarrisons became an important factor in the city's economy. In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by theDuke of Parma (Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht. In 1632the city was conquered by PrinceFrederick Henry ofOrange and the DutchStates General replaced the Spanish crown in the joint government of Maastricht. There was an attempt in 1634 of Spanish forces torecapture the city, but to no avail.
AnotherSiege of Maastricht (1673) took place during theFranco-Dutch War. In June 1673,Louis XIV laid siege to the city because French supply lines were being threatened. During this siege,Vauban, the famous French military engineer, developed a new tactic in order to break down the strong fortifications surrounding Maastricht. His systematic approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenantCharles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as thecomted'Artagnan, was killed by a musket shot outside the Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in theAlexandre Dumas novelThe Vicomte de Bragelonne, part of theD'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678.
In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as theSecond French Siege of Maastricht, during theWar of Austrian Succession. After each siege the city's fortifications were restored and expanded. The French revolutionary army failed to take the city in 1793 but a year later they succeeded. The condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to theFrench First Republic, later theFirst French Empire. For almost twenty years (1795–1814/15) Maastricht was the capital of the Frenchdépartement ofMeuse-Inférieure.
19th-century industry: Maastricht potteries in Boschstraat
After theNapoleonic era, Maastricht became part of theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formedProvince of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdomseceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king,William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided with the Belgian revolutionaries. In 1831, arbitration by theGreat Powers allocated the city to the Netherlands. However, neither the Dutch nor the Belgians agreed to this and the arrangement was not implemented until the 1839Treaty of London. During this period of isolation Maastricht developed into an early industrial town.
Plate commemorating the liberation, 14 September 1944
Because of its eccentric location in the southeastern Netherlands, as well as its geographical and cultural proximity to Belgium and Germany, integration of Maastricht and Limburg into the Netherlands did not come about easily. Maastricht retained a distinctly non-Dutch appearance during much of the 19th century and it was not until theFirst World War that the city was forced to look northwards.
Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early inWorld War II, the city was taken by theGermans by surprise during theBattle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated byAllied forces of the USOld Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of MaastrichtJews died inNazi concentration camps.[16]
During the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as Maastricht'spotteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to aservice economy.Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991European Councils were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of theMaastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of theEuropean Union and theeuro.[17] Since 1988,The European Fine Art Fair, regarded as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors.
Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevardpromenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the newBonnefanten Museum, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around theA2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area are under construction.
In the early 2000s, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area.[18]
Typical street in theJekerkwartier, part of the city centreDutch topographic map of Maastricht, March 2014
Maastricht consists of seven areas (wijken) and 44 neighbourhoods (buurten). Each area and neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to itsCBS code.
Maastricht Centrum (CBS area code: 093500):Binnenstad,Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort,Wyck-Céramique
East (093504): Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel,Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld
South-East (093506): Randwyck, Heugem,Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal
Itteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg,Sint Pieter and Wolder are neighbourhoods that used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century.
Maastricht'scity limits has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium'sFlemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border withWallonia. Both countries are part of Europe'sSchengen Area and, thus, are open without border controls.
Maastricht features the same climate as most of the Netherlands (Cfb,Oceanic climate), however, due to its more inland location in between hills, summers tend to be warmer (especially in the Meuse valley, which lies 70 m [230 ft] lower than the meteorological station) and winters a bit colder, although the difference is only noticeable on just a few days a year. The highest temperature recorded was on 25 July 2019 at 39.6 °C (103.3 °F).
Climate data for Maastricht (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1906−present)
Maastricht is a city of linguistic diversity, partly as a result of its location at the crossroads of multiple language areas and its international student population.
Dutch is the national language and the language of elementary and secondary education (excluding international institutions) as well as administration. Dutch in Maastricht is often spoken with a distinctive Limburgishaccent, which should not be confused with the Limburgish language.
Limburgish (orLimburgian) is the overlapping term of thetonal dialects spoken inthe Dutch andthe Belgian provinces of Limburg. TheMaastrichtian dialect (Mestreechs) is only one of many variants of Limburgish. It is characterised by stretchedvowels and some French influence on its vocabulary. In recent years the Maastricht dialect has been in decline (seedialect levelling) and a language switch to Standard Dutch has been noted.[25]
French used to be the language of education and culture in Maastricht. In the late 18th century the language gained a powerful position as the judicial and administrative language, and throughout the following century it was the preferred language of the upper classes. Between 1851 and 1892 a Francophone newspaper (Le Courrier de la Meuse) was published in Maastricht.[26] The language is often part of secondary school curricula. Many proper names are French and the language has left many traces in the local dialect.
German, like French, is often part of secondary school curricula. Due to Maastricht's geographic proximity to Germany and the great number of German students in the city, German is widely spoken.
English has become an important language in education. AtMaastricht University andHogeschool Zuyd it is the language of instruction for many courses. Many foreign students andexpatriates use English as alingua franca. English is also a mandatory subject in Dutch secondary schools.
In 2010–2014, 69.8% of the population of Maastricht regarded themselves as religious. 60.4% of the total population stated an affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church. 13.9% attended a religious ceremony at least once a month.[28]
Provincial Government BuildingsEuropean Institute of Public Administration
Since the 1980s, a number of European and international institutions have made Maastricht their base. They provide an increasing number of employment opportunities forexpats living in the Maastricht area.
Maastricht is known in the Netherlands and beyond for its lively squares, narrow streets, and historic buildings. The city has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), more than any Dutch city outside Amsterdam. In addition to that there are 3,500 locally listed buildings (gemeentelijke monumenten). The entire city centre is a conservation area (beschermd stadsgezicht) and largely traffic-free. The tourist information office (VVV) is located in the basement of Dinghuis, a late-medieval courthouse overlooking Grote Staat.Maastricht's main sights include:
Meuse (Dutch:Maas) river, with several parks and promenades along the river, and some interesting bridges:
Sint Servaasbrug, partly from the 13th century; the oldest bridge in the Netherlands;
Hoge Brug ("High Bridge"), a modern pedestrian bridge designed by René Greisch.
City fortifications, including:
Remnants of the first and second medievalcity wall and several towers (13th and 14th centuries);
Helpoort ("Hell's Gate"), an imposing gate with two towers, built around 1230, the oldest city gate in the Netherlands;
Wycker Waterpoort, a medieval gate in Wyck, used for accessing the city from the Meuse, demolished in the 19th century but rebuilt shortly afterwards;
Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-centuryfortress on the flanks ofMount Saint Peter, offering guided tours and panoramic views of the city; and Fort Willem I, an early 19th-century fortress on the Caberg elevation;
Casemates, an underground network of tunnels, built as sheltered emplacements for guns and cannons. These connected tunnels built of brick and limestone run for around fourteen kilometres underneath the city's fortifications. Guided tours are available.
Binnenstad: inner-city pedestrianized district with popular shopping streets Grote and Kleine Staat, high-end shopping streets Stokstraat and Maastrichter Smedenstraat, and two indoor shopping centres. Several main sights in Maastricht as well as a large number of cafés, pubs and restaurants are centred around the three main squares in Binnenstad:
Vrijthof, the largest and possibly best-known square in Maastricht, with many well-known pubs and restaurants. Other sights include:
Basilica of Saint Servatius, a predominantly Romanesque church with an imposingwestwork and important 12th and 13th-century sculptures; most notably the westwork interior figurativecapitals, the westworkreredo, and the sculpted South Portal. The tomb ofSaint Servatius in the crypt is a favoured place ofpilgrimage. The church has an importantchurch treasury;
Sint-Janskerk, a Gothic church dedicated toSaint John the Baptist, the city's main Protestant church since 1632, adjacent to the Basilica of Saint Servatius, with a distinctive limestone tower painted red;
Spaans Gouvernement ("Spanish Government Building"), a 16th-century former canon's house, later used as a residence for theBrabant andHabsburg rulers, now housing theFotomuseum aan het Vrijthof;
Hoofdwacht, an 18th-century military guard house, built in the style of theDutch Baroque, used for exhibitions;
Generaalshuis ("General's House"), aNeoclassical mansion, now the city's main theater (Theater aan het Vrijthof).
Onze Lieve Vrouweplein, a tree-lined square with a number of pavement cafes. Main sights:
Basilica of Our Lady, a partly 11th-century church, one of the Netherlands' most significant Romanesque buildings with an imposing Mosan westwork and an importantchurch treasury. Perhaps best known for the shrine ofOur Lady, Star of the Sea in an adjacent Gothic chapel;
Derlon Museumkelder, a permanent exhibition of ancient Roman remains in the basement of Hotel Derlon.
Markt, the town's historic market square. Sights include:
Mosae Forum, a shopping centre and civic building designed byJo Coenen andBruno Albert in the early 2000s. Inside the Mosae Forum parking garage there is a small exhibition ofCitroën miniature cars;
Entre Deux, a rebuilt shopping centre inPostmodern style, which has won several international awards.[29] It includes a bookstore located inside a former 13th-century Dominican church. In 2008, British newspaperThe Guardian proclaimed this the world's most beautiful bookshop.[30]
Jekerkwartier, a neighbourhood named after the small riverJeker, which pops up between old houses and remnants of city walls. The western part of the neighbourhood (named the MaastrichtLatin Quarter) is dominated by university buildings and (performing) arts schools. Sights include:
several churches and monasteries: the 13th-century First Franciscan Monastery, the 17th-century "Veiled Sisters" and Bonnefanten monasteries, and the 18th-century Second Franciscan Monastery and Walloon and Lutheran churches;
Grote Looiersstraat ("Great Tanners' Street"), a former canal that was filled in during the 19th century, lined with elegant houses, the city'spoorhouse (now part of the university library) and Sint-Maartenshofje, a typically Dutchhofje.
Kommelkwartier,Statenkwartier andBoschstraatkwartier, three relatively quiet inner city neighbourhoods with several monasteries, university buildings and industrial heritage building:
Crosier Monastery in Kommelkwartier, a well-preserved Gothic monastery, now a five-star hotel;
Sint-Matthiaskerk, a 14th-century parish church dedicated toSaint Matthew;
Sphinx Quarter, an upcoming neighbourhood and cultural hotspot in the north of the city centre. Several of the industrial buildings of the former Sphinx glass, crystal and ceramics factories have been transformed for new uses;
Bassin, a restored early 19th-century inner harbor surrounded by industrial heritage buildings, re-used as cultural venues, bars and restaurants.
Wyck, the old quarter on the right bank of the river Meuse.
Rechtstraat and Hoogbrugstraat are the oldest streets in Wyck with many historic buildings and a mix of specialty shops, art galleries and restaurants;
Stationsstraat and Wycker Brugstraat are elegant streets with the majority of the buildings dating from the late 19th century. At the east end of Stationsstraat stands theMaastricht railway station from 1913.
Céramique, a modern neighbourhood on the site of the former Société Céramique potteries, including a park along the river Meuse (Charles Eyckpark) and a showcase of architectural highlights:
Wiebengahal, one of the few remaining industrial buildings in the neighbourhood and an early example ofmodernist architecture in the Netherlands, dating from 1912;
Sint-Pietersberg ("Mount Saint Peter"): modest hill and nature reserve south of the city, peaking at 171 metres (561 ft)above sea level. It serves as Maastricht's main recreation area and a viewing point. The main sights include:
Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century military fortress fully restored in recent years;
Caves of Maastricht akaGrotten Sint-Pietersberg, an underground network of man-made tunnels ("caves") in limestone quarries. Guided tours are available;
ENCI Quarry: a former quarry and nature reserve with several lakes, accessible via a spectacular staircase with viewing platforms;
Slavante, a 19th-century former gentlemen's club on the site of a Franciscan monastery (of which parts are still standing), now a popular hang-out, offering panoramic views over the Meuse valley;
Lichtenberg, a ruined medieval castle keep and an adjacent 18th-century farmstead;
D'n Observant ("The Observer"), an artificial hilltop, made with the spoils of a nearby quarry, now a nature reserve.
TheTreasury of the Basilica of Our Lady contains religious art, textiles, reliquaries, liturgical vessels and other artifacts from the Middle Ages and later periods.
Derlon Museumkelder is a preserved archeological site in the basement of a hotel with Roman and pre-Roman remains.
Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof is a local museum of photography housed in the 16th-century Spanish Government building, featuring some period rooms and temporary exhibitions of photographers.
Dies natalis, birthday of theUniversity of Maastricht, with procession of university faculty to St. John's Church wherehonorary degrees are awarded (9 January).
Carnival (Maastrichtian:Vastelaovend) - a traditional three-day festival in the southern part of the Netherlands; in Maastricht mainly outdoors with typicalZaate Herremeniekes (February/March).
European Model United Nations (EuroMUN), an annual international conference (May).
Stadsprocessie, religiousprocession with reliquaries ofSaint Servatius and other local saints (first Sunday after 13 May).
Pilgrimage of the Relics (Dutch:Heiligdomsvaart),pilgrimage with relics display and processions dating from the Middle Ages (May/June; once in 7 years; next: 2032).
Giants' Parade (Dutch:Reuzenstoet), parade ofprocessional giants, mainly from Belgium and France (June; once in 5 years; next: 2024).
Maastrichts Mooiste, an annual running and walking event (June).
Fashionclash, international fashion event throughout the city (June).
Preuvenemint, a large culinary event held on the Vrijthof square (August).
Inkom, the traditional opening of the academic year and introduction for new students of Maastricht University (August).
Musica Sacra, a festival of religious (classical) music (September).
Nederlandse Dansdagen (Netherlands Dance Days), a modern dance festival (October).
Jazz Maastricht, ajazz festival formerly known as Jeker Jazz (autumn).
11de van de 11de (the 11th of the 11th), the official start of the carnival season (11 November).
Jumping Indoor Maastricht, an internationalconcours hippique (showjumping) (November).
Magic Maastricht (Magisch Maastricht), a winter-themed funfair and Christmas market held on Vrijthof square and other locations throughout the city (December/January).
Furthermore, the Maastricht Exposition and Congress Centre (MECC) hosts many events throughout the year.
There are several city parks and recreational areas in Maastricht:[31]
Stadspark, the main public park in Maastricht, partly 19th-century, with remnants of the medieval city walls, a branch of theJeker river, a mini-zoo and several public sculptures (e.g. the statue ofd'Artagnan in Aldenhofpark, a 20th-century extension of Stadspark). Other extensions of the park are called Kempland, Henri Hermanspark, Monseigneur Nolenspark and Waldeckpark. From 2014 onwards, the grounds of the former Tapijn military barracks will be gradually added to the park;
Jekerpark, a new park along the river Jeker, separated from Stadspark by a busy road;
Frontenpark, a new park west of the city centre, incorporating parts of thefortifications of Maastricht from the 17th to 19th centuries;
Charles Eykpark, a modern park between the public library andBonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse river, designed in the late 1990s by Swedish landscape architectGunnar Martinsson.
Griendpark, a modern park on the east bank of the river with an inline-skating and skateboarding course.
Geusseltpark in eastern Maastricht and J.J. van de Vennepark in western Maastricht, both with elaborate sports facilities.
The Meuse river and its green banks in outlying areas. In the northern areas aroundItteren andBorgharen 'new nature' is being created in combination with river protection measures and gravel mining.[32]
Pietersplas, an artificial lake between Maastricht andGronsveld that was the result of gravel pits on the banks of the Meuse river. There is a beach on the northern slope of the lake and amarina near Castle Hoogenweerth. The eastern riverbed between Pietersplas and the provincial government building is a nature reserve (Kleine Weerd).
The Jeker Valley, along the riverJeker, starts near the city centre in Stadspark and leads via Jekerpark to an area with green meadows, fertile fields, some vineyards on the slopes of Cannerberg, several water mills andChâteau Neercanne, and continues further south into Belgium.
Dousberg and Zouwdal, a modest hill and valley surrounded by urban development on the western edge of the city, partly in Belgium. A large part of the hill is now in use as an international golf course (Golfclub Maastricht).[34]
Landgoederenzone, an extended area in the northeast of Maastricht (partly inMeerssen) consisting of around fifteen country estates, such as Severen, Geusselt, Bethlehem, Mariënwaard, Kruisdonk, Vaeshartelt, Meerssenhoven,Borgharen and Hartelstein. Some of the castles, villas and stately homes are surrounded by industrial areas or quarries.
Bike paths through agricultural areas in several outlying quarters (like "Biesland" and "Wolder").
Infootball, Maastricht is represented byMVV Maastricht (Dutch:Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht), who (as of the 2016–2017 season) play in the Dutch first division of the national competition (which is the second league after theEredivisie league). MVV's home is theGeusselt stadium near the A2 highway.
Since 1998, Maastricht has been the traditional starting place of the annualAmstel Gold Race, the only Dutch cycling classic. For several years the race also finished in Maastricht, but since 2002 the finale has been in the municipality ofValkenburg.Tom Dumoulin was born in Maastricht.
Since 2000, Maastricht has been the first city in the Netherlands with aLacrosse team. The Student Sport Association "Maaslax" is closely linked to Maastricht University and a member of the NLB (Nederlandse Lacrosse Bond).
The municipal government of Maastricht consists of acity council, amayor and a number ofaldermen. The city council, a 39-member legislative body directlyelected every four years, appoints the aldermen on the basis of a coalition agreement between two or more parties after each election.
The mayor and aldermen make up the executive branch of the municipal government.
The mayor from 2002,Gerd Leers (CDA), resigned in January 2010 following allegations of irregularities in a holiday villa project in Bulgaria owned by Leers.[38] He was replaced byOnno Hoes, a Liberal (VVD), the only male mayor in the country officially married to a man. In 2013 Hoes was subject to controversy after disclosures of intimate affairs with several other men, although he remained mayor.[39] After a new affair in 2014, Hoes eventually stepped down.[40]
From July 2015,Annemarie Penn-te Strake became mayor.[41] She was an independent serving no political party, although her husband was a former chairman[42] of the Maastricht Seniorenpartij.[43] She had served in the Dutch judicial system for many years, and during her tenure as mayor she still served as attorney general.[44] In July 2023 Wim Hillenaar(CDA) took over as mayor.[45]
One controversial issue which dominated Maastricht politics for many years was the city's approach to soft drugs. Under theDutch soft drug policy, individuals may buycannabis from'coffeeshops' under certain conditions. From the 1980s, Maastricht saw a growing influx of 'drug tourists', mainly from neighbouring Belgium, France and Germany. The city government attempted to reduce negative side effects, including illegal sale of hard drugs in the city centre and anti-social behaviour.
A 2008 proposal to relocate the coffeeshops to the outskirts of the city[46] was opposed by neighbouring municipalities (some in Belgium) and by the Dutch and Belgian parliaments. In December 2010, a Maastricht law to restrict entry to coffeeshops to local residents was upheld by theCourt of Justice of the European Union,[47] with the Dutch government introducing a similar national law in 2012.[48] The new system led to a reduction in drug tourism in Maastricht's cannabis shops, but an increase in drug dealing on the streets.[49] A 2018 Maastricht University study showed a substantial decline in drug nuisance since 2012, although criminal drug networks had grown due to police budget cuts.[50]
Maastricht is served by theA2 andA79 motorways. The city can be reached fromBrussels andCologne in approximately one hour and fromAmsterdam in about two and a half hours.
The A2 motorway runs through Maastricht in a double-decked tunnel. Before 2016, the A2 motorway ran through the city; heavily congested, it caused air pollution in the urban area. Construction of a two-level tunnel designed to solve these problems started in 2011 and was opened (in stages) by December 2016.[51]
In spite of several large underground car parks, parking in the city centre forms a major problem during weekends and bank holidays because of the large numbers of visitors. Parking fees are deliberately high to encourage visitors to use public transport orpark and ride facilities away from the centre.
Regular bus lines connect the city centre, outer areas, business districts and railway stations. The regionalArriva bus network extends to most parts ofSouth Limburg andAachen (Germany). Regional buses byDe Lijn connect Maastricht withHasselt,Tongeren andMaasmechelen, and one bus connects Maastricht withLiège, operated byTEC. Various bus companies such asFlixbus andEurolines provideintercity bus services from Maastricht to many European destinations.
Maastricht is served by the nearbyMaastricht Aachen Airport (IATA:MST,ICAO:EHBK), in nearbyBeek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is located about 10 kilometres (6 miles) north of the city centre. The airport is primarily served by low-cost airlineWizz Air.[52] The nearest airports are both located in nearby Germany which areDüsseldorf Airport, located 112 km (70 mi) north east andCologne Bonn Airport, located 117 km (73 mi) east of Maastricht. However, residents in the city also useAmsterdam Schiphol Airport as an international hub. The airport is located 217 km (135 mi) north west of the city.
Maastricht has a riverport (Beatrixhaven) and is connected by water withBelgium and the rest of the Netherlands through the riverMeuse, theJuliana Canal, theAlbert Canal and theZuid-Willemsvaart. Although there are no regular boat connections to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such asLiège.
In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Limburgish (Maastrichtian variant):Mestreechs Volksleed,Dutch:Maastrichts Volkslied) composed of lyrics inMaastrichtian, written byAlfons Olterdissen. The theme was originally composed by his brother, Guus Olterdissen, though the theme is similar to the theme "Pe al nostru steag e scris Unire" of the Romanian composerCiprian Porumbescu (1853–1883). It is unknown if the Olterdissen brothers were aware of the Romanian piece.[53]
Maastrichtian municipal anthem(Mestreechs Volksleed) (adopted 2002, written 1910)
^"Postcodetool for 6211DW".Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived fromthe original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved12 October 2013.
^Basically, the metropolitan areas of Maastricht,Liège, Hasselt-Genk, Sittard-Geleen, Heerlen-Kerkrade and Aachen-Düren constitute the densely populated urban core of theMeuse–Rhine Euroregion.
^About 77% of Maastricht's relatively small Jewish community of 505 members did not survive the war.P.J.H. Ubachs & I.M.H. Evers (2005):Historische Encyclopedie Maastricht, pp. 256–257. Walburg Pers, Zutphen.ISBN90-5730-399-X.
^Gnesotto, N. (1992). European union after Minsk and Maastricht.International Affairs. 68(2), 223–232.
^Gussenhoven, C. & Aarts, F. (1999)."The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF). University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 12 June 2011. Retrieved12 July 2009.
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