Ma Anliang | |
|---|---|
 Pailou arch set up in honor of Ma Anliang | |
| Born | 1855 (1855) |
| Died | November 24, 1918(1918-11-24) (aged 62–63) |
| Allegiance | .svg) Qing dynasty.svg) Republic of China |
| Service years | 1872–1918 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | General ofXinjiang,Colonel ofHezhou |
| Conflicts | Dungan revolt (1862–77),Dungan revolt (1895–96),Boxer Rebellion,Xinhai Revolution,Bai Lang Rebellion |
| Awards | "Second class Wenhu and Chiaho decorations"[1] |
Ma Anliang (simplified Chinese:马安良;traditional Chinese:馬安良;pinyin:Mǎ Ānliáng;Wade–Giles:Ma An-liang, French romanization: Ma-ngan-leang,[2]Xiao'erjing:مَا اًلِیَانْ; 1855 – November 24, 1918) was aChinese Muslim military officer. Born inHezhou,Gansu, China, he became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of theRepublic of China. His father wasMa Zhan'ao, and his younger brothers wereMa Guoliang[3] and Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良. Ma was educated in Chinese and Islamic education.[4] His Muslim name was Abdul Majid (Chinese:阿卜都里默直底).
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He defected to Qing in 1872 during theDungan revolt (1862–77), along with several other Hui Muslims, including his father,Ma Zhan'ao,Ma Haiyan, andMa Qianling. They belonged to the Huasimenhuan, of theKhafiyaNaqshbandiSufi order.[5] They assisted the QingHan Chinese generalZuo Zongtang in suppressing the Muslim revolt. In 1877, his father Ma Zhanao defeated a group of Muslim rebels who continued fighting nearHezhou.[6]
General Ma Anliang joined the Qing GeneralZuo Zongtang, in the campaign against the Turkic Muslim rebels underYaqub Beg. Ma Anliang led an entire army composed of Chinese Muslim troops against Yaqub Beg's Turkic Muslim forces, and defeated him, reconquering Turkestan for China.[7]
Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang andMa Haiyan were originally called to Beijing during theFirst Sino-Japanese War in 1894, but theDungan Revolt (1895) broke out, and they were subsequently sent to crush the rebels.
In 1895, he served with the Han Chinese generalTang Yanhe and the Non-Muslim Gansu native, generalDong Fuxiang, assisting them in crushing another Muslim revolt, theDungan revolt (1895–96).[8][9] His Muslim cavalry defeated Muslim rebels at Oxheart Mountain, and relieved the siege of Hezhou on December 4. He led Hui cavalry troops to slaughter rebelSalar Muslim fighters who had agreed to negotiate unarmed at a banquet by telling them"Disown me as a Muslim if I deceive you.", and received the rank ofXinjiangGeneral, andHezhouColonel once the revolt was crushed.[10] The revolt was led byMa Yonglin,Ma Wanfu, andMa Dahan. Ma Dahan was publicly executed.[11] It was said that Muslim blood stained red cap of Ma Anliang.[12]
During that war, in 1895 Ma lifted the siege ofXining (sining) with four ying (ying is a Chinese unit for battalion). Ma was assigned to "Barkul military command" sometime before 1910.[13][14]
During theHundred Days' Reform in 1898 Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang, and Ma Haiyan were called to Beijing and helped put an end to the reform movement along withMa Fulu andMa Fuxiang.
In 1900, during theBoxer Rebellion, Ma Anliang, as Tongling of Ho-Chou joinedDong Fuxiang in fighting against the foreigners.[15]
In 1905, Ma Anliang, in cooperation with the Han Chinese magistrateYang Zengxin, attempted to arrest and execute theYihewani (Ikhwan in Arabic) leaderMa Wanfu.Ma Qi, one of Ma Anliang's subordinates, staged a rescue operation and brought Ma Wanfu to Xining.[16]
Even though he was a Muslim, he and his Muslim troops showed no mercy to Muslims who rebelled against theQing government, and massacred them.
In 1911, when theXinhai Revolution erupted, he led over 20 battalions ofHui Muslim troops to defend theQing dynasty by attackingShaanxi, which was held by the revolutionaries under Zhang Fenghui. Ma Anliang, Changgeng and Shengyun failed to recapture Shaanxi from the revolutionaries.[17] When the Qing emperorPuyi abdicated, Ma agreed to join the newRepublic of China government under theKuomintang.[18]
Hui General Ma Anliang abandoned the Qing cause upon the Qing abdication in the Xinhai Revolution while the Manchu governor general Shengyun was enraged at the revolution.[19][20]
Pro-revolution Hui Muslims like Shaanxi Governor Ma Yugui and Beijing Imam Wang Kuan persuaded Qing Hui general Ma Anliang to stop fighting, telling him as Muslims not to kill each other for the sake of the Qing monarchists and side with the republican revolutionaries instead. Ma Anliang then agreed to abandon the Qing under the combination of Yuan Shikai's actions and these messages from other Hui.[21]
In October 1903, inIli, Ma Anliang served as "Brigade-General". In April 1912 he became "Commander-in-Chief" of Gansu.[22]
Ma Anliang fought against theBai Lang Rebellion, and attacked theXidaotang (西道堂) Muslim organization. He was suspicious of the Republicanism of the Xidaotang, since Ma was a conservative and amonarchist and supportedYuan Shikai. Ma arranged for the Xidaotang founderMa Qixi and his family to be shot dead.Han andHui soldiers under the Hui generals Ma Anliang and Ma Qi united to fight against Bai Lang's bandit army.[23][24][25]
In 1914, Ma Anliang tried to exterminate the "New New-Sect", theXidaotang and its leaderMa Qixi (his Arabic name was Ersa (Jesus), he was known as "Prophet Jesus" to westerners).[26][27]
General Ma Anliang was thede facto senior leader of all Muslims innorthwestern China from the beginning of the Republican era in 1912 until he died. He was succeeding by GeneralMa Fuxiang in this position.[28]
Ma Anliang was considered "reactionary", while the learned "scholar" GeneralMa Fuxiang was considered "progressive".[29]
In 1917, Ma Anliang ordered his younger brotherMa Guoliang to suppress a rebellion of Tibetans inXunhua who rebelled because of heavy taxes Ma Anliang imposed on them. Ma Anliang did not report it to the central government in Beijing and was reprimanded for it, andMa Qi was sent by the government to investigate the case and suppress the rebellion.[30]
He died inHezhou (Hochow) on November 24, 1918.[31][32] After his death, Ma Anliang was praised by American Vice-Consul at Kalgan, Rodney Gilbert in theHerald for keeping peace in Gansu, which he maintained by his willingness to fight against his fellow Muslims.[33] Ma Anliang was also praised for protecting "his people from sectarian strife and opium".[34]
Ma Fuxiang effectively took Ma Anliang's place asde facto leader of Muslims in northwest China when Ma Anliang died in 1918.[35][36]
His father wasMa Zhan'ao and his brother wasMa Guoliang.
He had 5 sons,Ma Tingxiang (Ma T'ing-hsiang) (馬廷勷) (3rd son),Ma Tingxian (Ma T'ing-hsien) (馬廷賢) (4th son), and 3 other unknown children. Ma Tingxian was executed in 1962 by the Peoples' Court.[37] Ma Tingxiang was Ma Anliang's third son. He was executed byFeng Yuxiang afterfirst rebelling against Feng and theGuominjun, defecting to Chiang Kaishek and the Kuomintang after Chiang and Feng went to war against each other, and finally after Chiang dismissed Ma from his posts, attempted to flee and was captured by Feng. Ma Tingxiang and his Muslim army had committed numerous atrocities against Tibetan Buddhists inChone,Chone Monastery,Taozhou andLabrang Monastery during the rebellion.[38]
Yuan Shikai made Ma Anliang a Baron of the First Rank (一等男;Yī děng nán) of theEmpire of China (1915–16).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Ma Anliang attacked Shaanxi successfully, and Yuan Shikai took the invasion seriously enough to alert eastern troops to move against him.
On his order, Wang was executed.66 According to Yuan Shikai, the most important ... to arrest bad elements and protect the people (chubao'anliang), ...
This message by Wang may have contributed to breaking the resistance of Ma Anliang, who had in any case, come under strong pressure of Yuan Shikai's ...
This article incorporates text fromThe Moslem World, Volume 10, by Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation, a publication from 1920, now in thepublic domain in the United States.
